ARNA

also Fortification and Siegecbaft; and for the Koman army in NT times see Legion.

A. R. S. Kennedy.

ARNA. — One of tlie ancestors of Ezra (2 Es l^), corresponding apparently to Zerahiah of Ezr 7* and Zaraias of 1 Es S".

ARNAN.— A descendant of David (1 Ch 3M).

ARNI (AV Aram).— An ancestor of Jesus (Lk 33=), called in Mt l^- ' Ram (RV). Cf. Ru 4", 1 Ch 23- ".

ARNON. — A valley with a stream in its bed, now called Wadv d-Mojib, which gathers the waters from many tributary vales — the 'wadys' (AV 'brooks,' RV 'valleys'! of Arnon (Nu 21") — as it flows westward to the Dead Sea. It was the N. border of Moab. cutting it off from the land of the Amorites in old time (Nu21i3 etc.), and later, from that of the Eastern tribes (Oos 121 etc.). It is named in Is 16^ ('the fords of Arnon') and Jer 482" (where the reference may be to the in-habitants of the valley, or to a city of that name now unknown). Mesha made the 'high way in Arnon,' and built (possibly 'fortified') Aroer (Moabite Stone). This ' high way ' probably followed the line of the Roman road, traces of which still remain, with indications of a bridge, some distance W. of Aroer — the modern 'Ar'air, or 'Ar'ar, which stands on the N. bank. W. Ewing.

AROD.— A son of Gad (Nu 26i')=Arodi Gn 46i«. Patronymic Arodites (Nu 26").

AROER. — Three distinct places. 1. 'Aroer which is by the brink of the river Arnon' (Dt 2'=) is probably the ruin 'Ara'ir, on the north~bank of the Wady Mojib (Arnon). In such a position it necessarily became a frontier town, and as such is mentioned (cf. Dt 2^, 2 K 103' etc.). It was captured by Sihon, king of the Amorites (Dt 2^ 4", Jos 12! and 13», Jg W); when conquered by.Israel it was assigned to Reuben (Dt S'^) ; it was taken by Hazael, king of Syria (2 K 10=^), and apparently later on by Moab (Jer 48"). 2. A city of Judah (1 S 3C), perhaps the ruin ' Ar'ara, 12 miles east of Beersheba. 3. A city of Gad near Rabbah, i.e. 'Amman (Jos 13^=, Jg ll'»). The site is unknown.

E. W. G. Masterman.

AROM (1 Es 5'*). — His descendants are mentioned among those who returned with Zerubbabel. The name has no parallel in the lists of Ezr. and Neh., unless it represents Hashum in Ezr 2".

ARFAGHSHAD was, according to Gn 10*!, the third son of Shem, and, according to ll^", he was the second in the line of descent from Shem to Abraham. Gn W^ is an enumeration of peoples (or countries) descended from Shem , from which Babylonia or Chaidsea is absent in the present text. The latter portion of the word furnishes Chesed (cf. Gn 22''!), which is the singular form of Chasdim (Chaldees). Probably two words in the original of lO^^ were combined into one, the latter being Chesed and the former Arpach, which is a region south-west of Assyria, possibly the same as the Arra-pachitis of Ptolemy. The mistaken reading in Iff'! was then taken as the basis of ll'""-. J. F. McCurdy.

ARPAD .— A city of Syria north-west of Aleppo (2 K 18^ 1915, Is 109 36U 3713, Jer 4928). Now the ruin TeU Erfud.

ARPHAXAD.— 1. A king of the Medes (Jth l'*). He reigned at Ecbatana, which he strongljf fortified. Nebuchadrezzar, king of Assyria, made war upon him, defeated him, and put him to death. 2. The spelling of Arpachshad in AV, and at Lk 3" by RV also. See Abpachshad.

ARROW. — See Armottb, and Magic Divination, etc.

ARROWSNAKE (Is 34i5 RV).— See Owl, Serpent.

ARSACES. — A king of Parthia (known also as Mith-ridates i.). When opposed by Demetrius Nikator, who thought the people would rise in his favour and after-wards assist him against Tryphon, he deceived Deme-trius by a pretence of negotiations, and in b.c. iSs took

52

ARTS AND CRAFTS

him prisoner (1 Mac 14i-s; Justin, xxxvi. 1). In 1 Mao 1522 Arsaces is mentioned among the kings to whom was sent an edict (Jos. Ant. xiv. viii. 5) from Rome forbidding the persecution of the Jews.

ARSIPHTTRITH (AV Azephurith), 1 Es 5".— 112 of his sons returned with Zerubbabel. The corresponding name in Ezr 2i8 is Jorah; and in Neh 7^ Hariph.

ART. — Among the Hebrews the fine arts, with the possible exception of music, were not seriously culti-vated (cf. Architecture). The law of Ex 20< con-stituted an effective bar to the development of the plastic art in particular. As to the nature and work-manship of the early ephods (Jg 8^ 17') and teraphim (Gn 31", Jg 17>, 1 S 19" RV), as of the 'graven images' and the later ' molten images,' we can only speculate. Sculpture in wood, but of Phoenician workmanship, both in relief (1 Km- ") and in the round (v.^"), found a place in the 'Temple of Solomon. The only specimens yet discovered of 'genuine Israelite' sculpture (accord-ing to the discoverer. Professor Sellin) are the beardless human heads (cherubim ?), foreparts of lions and other motifs that adorn the unique altar of incense from Taanach (illust. PEFSt, 1904, 390).

Of painting there is no trace in OT. The coloured representations which Ezekiel saw with abhorrence on the Temple walls were not true paintings, but, as the original implies, figures chiselled in outline, with the contours filled in with vermilion (Ezk 23"'-, cf. 8'°). The* decorative work on pure Hebrew pottery was practically confined to geometrical designs. Of the minor arts, gem-engraving must have attained con-siderable development (Ex 28"). The finest product of modern excavation in Palestine in the domain of art is probably the Hebrew seal with the lion marchant found at Megiddo (see Seals). Mention may also be made of the filigree and other gold work implied in such passages as Ex 28"'-. The products of the Hebrew • looms must also have shown considerable artistic merit (Ex 261). gee, further, Jewels, Music, Seals, Temple, Spinning and Weaving. A. R. S. Kennedy.

ARTAXERXES is the Greek form of the Old Persian Artakhshatra, the Hebrew being ArtachshasUS). The Artaxerxes of the Bible is Artax. Longimanus (b.c. 465-424),sonof Xerxes (Bibl. Ahasuerus). ByhimEzrawas permitted to go to Jerusalem from Babylon and restore the affairs of the Jewish community (Ezr 7iff- S'). He also favoured the similar mission of his cup-bearer Nehemiah thirteen years later (Neh 2' 5" 136). The events narrated in Ezr 4'ff- and said to have occurred in the time of Artaxerxes must have taken place during an earlier reign, probably that of Cambyses, unless, indeed, they are to be regarded as unhlstorical. His regime was more important for Israel than that of any other king of Persia except Cyrus the Liberator.

J. F. McCURDY.

AiRTEMAS.— A trusted companion of St. Paul, in the later part of his life (Tit 3>2). There is no evidence for the statements of Dorotheus (^Bibl. Maxima, Lugd.1677, iii. p. 429) that he had been one of the 70 disciples, and was afterwards bishop of Lystra.

ARTEMIS.— Ac 1924- " RVra. See Diana.

ARTIFICER.— See Arts and Crafts.

ARTILLERY.— 1 S 20" AV (in obsol. sense, of Jonathan's Bow and arrows; RV 'weapons'); 1 Mac 6"'- (see Fortification, § 7).

ARTS AND CRAFTS.— One of the most characteristic distinctions between the Hebraic and the Hellenic views of Ufe is found in the attitude of the two races to manual labour. By the Greek it was regarded as unworthy of a free citizen; by the Jew it was held in the highest esteem, as many Talmudic aphorisms bear witness. The general term in OT for craftsman (2 K 24", Jer 241 RV), artificer (1 Ch 29'), or skilled artizan is charash, from a root meaning "to cut.' Most Irequently,