BRIDE, BRIDEGROOM

and reduced to a uniform consistency by tramping and lineading (Nah 3» RV 'go into the clay, and tread the mortar'). It then passes to the brick-moulder, who places the right quantity in his mould, an open wooden frame with one of its four sides prolonged as a handle, wiping off the superfluous clay with his hand. The mould is removed and the brick left on the ground to dry in the sun. Sometimes greater consistency was given to the clay by mixing it with chopped straw and the refuse of the threshing-floor, as related in the f amiUar passage Ex S'-". As regards the daily ' tale of bricks ' there referred to, an expert moulder in Egypt to-day is said to be able to turn out no fewer than ' about 3000 bricks' per diem. (Vigouroux, Diet, de la Bible, i. 1932). The Egyptian bricks resembled our own in shape, while those of Babylonia were generally as broad as they were long. According to Flinders Petrie, the earliest Palestine bricks followed the Babylonian pattern.

There is no evidence in OT of the making of kiln- burnt bricks, whiich was evidently a foreign custom to the author of Gn lis. The brickkiln of 2 S 123', Nah 3" is really the brick-mould (so RVm). In the obscure passage Jer 43' RV has brickwork. A curious ritual use of bricks as incense-altars is mentioned in Is 65S.

Reference may also be made to the use of clay as a writing material, which was introduced into Palestine from Babylonia, and, as we now know, continued in use in certain quarters till the time of Hezekiah at least. Plans of buildings, estates, and cities were drawn on such clay tablets, a practice which illustrates the command to Ezekiel to draw a plan of Jerusalem upon a tile or clay brick (4', see the elaborate note by Haupt in 'Ezekiel' (.PB), 98 £E.). A. R. S. Kennedy.

BRIDE, BBIOEGBOOU.— See Mahriaoe.

BRIDGE.— Only 2 Mac 12" AV, where RV reads the proper name Oephyrun. For the extreme antiquity of the arch see Arch.

BRIDLE.— See Bit.

BRIER.— See Thohns.

BRIGAMDINE. — The ' brigand ' was originally simply a light-armed irregular foot soldier, and the coat of mail which he wore was called a ' brigandine.' The word is used in Jer 46* 51' (RV 'coat of mail'). See Armour.

BRIMSTONE, or sulphur, is one of the chemical elements. It is found in volcanic regions both uncom-bined as a deposit and also as a constituent of the gases (sulphur di-oxlde and sulphuretted hydrogen) which are exhaled from the earth or dissolved in the water of hot springs. Such sulphur springs are abundant in the Jordan Valley and on the shores of the Dead Sea. The account of the destruction of the Cities of the Plain (Gn 19M- 28, Lk 17") states that the Lord rained upon them 'brimstone and fire from the Lord out of heaven,' and the most generally accepted view is that the disaster was due to an eruption of petroleum, caused by an earthquake. This is more probable on geological grounds than a volcanic eruption. In either case the ' brimstone ' would not be solid sulphur, but the choking gases men-tioned above, which would accompany the rain of fire (see Driver, in loc; Tristram, Land of Israel, 353 f.; Dawson, EgypiandSyria, 129f.). 'This passagesuggests the imagery of a number of others in which ' fire and brimstone ' are agencies of destruction (Ps ll', Ezk SS'^, Rev 9"- " 1410 igzo 2010 218). in the last three of these the peculiar feature of the ' lake ' may be a reminiscence of a volcanic crater filled with molten lava and exhaling sulphurous fumes (cf . the ' great mountain burning with fire,' Rev 9'). In Dt 29^ there is a warning that it Israel is disobedient, their whole land will be 'brimstone and salt,' like the desolate region round the Dead Sea. In Is 34' a similar threat is uttered against Edom. In Is 30^3 the 'breath of the Lord ' kindling Tophet, is like a stream of brim-stone. James Patrick.

BROTHERLY LOVE

BROAD PLACE.— See Citt.

BROID. — To broid or to braid is to plait. Both spellings are used in AV, 1 Ti 2» 'with broided hair' (Gr. 'in plaits'), Jth 10= 'braided the hair of her head.'

BROIDER. — This Eng. word has no connexion with broid. It means to adorn cloth with needlework. The mod. form is embroider. ' Broider' occurs in Ex 28* and in Ezk 16i»- "■ " 26>« 27'- "■ ^. See Embroidery.

BRONZE.— See Brass.

BROOCH.— Ex 35" RV, for AV 'bracelets.' See Ornaments, § 6.

BROOK. — The Heb. words thus rendered are — 1. 'Aphlq, meaning the actual bed of the stream (Ps42i), tr. also by 'stream' and 'river.' 2. Ye'Or — almost always used of the Nile and water-trenches of Egypt. It is tr. ' brook' only in Is 19'- '• «. Once it is used for the water-channel (Job 281"); once (Is 33=0 it is rendered 'stream'; while in Dn 12 it stands for the Tigris. 3. Mlkhal (2 S 172"), a word of uncertain derivation and meaning. 4. Nachal is the most usual word for EV ' brook.' It is the exact equivalent of the Arab wddy, which means a valley containing a stream of water. It may be applied to the valley (Nu 21'' etc.), or to the water-course alone (Dt 9^' etc.), which is still ' the wady,' even after it has escaped from the valley.

The slopes of the mountain range of Western Palestine are deeply furrowed by a succession of great wadys. The sides of the mountains that dip into the Jordan Valley are far steeper than those to the W., and the streams flowing eastward plunge down through awful chasms, worn deep with the lapse of ages. In the longer descent westward the valleys frequently open into beautiful and fertile glades. For the most part the brooks, fed only by the rain, dry up in the summer-time, and the mills along their banks fall silent, waking to fresh activity again only with the music of the rushing storm. There are, however, streams fed by perennial springs, such as el-'Aujeh and the Kishon, W. of Jordan, and the Yarmuk and the Jabbok on the east.

W. EWINQ.

BROOM.— See Juniper. BROTHER.-

LOED.

BROTHERLY LOVE .—Philadelphia is not ' brother-like love,' but 'brother-love,' the love one has for brothers or sisters, soil. ' love of the brethren, ' — so AV in 1 P 122 and E,v uniformly (add Ro 12'», 1 Th 4=, He 13', 2 P 1'). The adjective in 1 P 38 should be rendered 'loving your brethren,' not 'loving as brethren' (AV, RV). This adj. appears in classical Gr. in its primary (family) sense, as the epithet, e.g., of the Grjeco-Egyptian king Ptolemy PhUadelphus, and of Attalus ii. of Per-gamus, founder of Philadelphia (Rev 1" etc.), named after this king. The term received no wider application in either Greek or Jewish (OT) ethics; Jews called each other 'brethren' as being 'children of the stock of Abraham ' (Ac 13"). First occurring in its religious use in 1 Thess., Philadelphia looks like a coinage of St. Paul's; but its elements lie In the teaching of Jesus. 'Calling no one on earth father' because they 'have one Father, the heavenly Father,' His disciples are 'all brothers' (Mt 238- •; cf. 6>): the love of the natural household is transferred, with a deepened sense, to 'the household of faith' (see Gal 6", Eph 2"). This senti-ment is formed in the community gathered around Christ its 'first-born,' the family of the 'sons' and 'heirs of God and joint-heirs with Christ' (Ro 8'<-"- "). 'Go to my brethren," the Risen Lord had said, 'and tell them, I ascend unto my Father and your Father' (Jn 20"; cf. Mt 12"- <■" 28i»); He required them to cherish toward each other the love He showed toward them, making this the mark of discipleship (Jn 138*- " 15'2- '8, 1 Jn 2'' 8 3" 42»- 2', 2 Jns, 1 Co 8" etc.).

-See Family, and Brethren of the

105