BY

BY. — In the Authorized Version of is generally used lor the agent and by for the instrument. Thus Mt I'' "that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of (RV 'by') the Lord by (RV 'through') the prophet.'

In 1 Co 4< ' I know nothing by myself,' by means contrary to, against, as in Hamilton's Catechism, 1559 (the Tabil), ' Jugis quhilk fur lufe of rewardis dois ony

C^SAREA

thing by the ordour of justice'; also fol. vii., 'cursit ar thai quhilk gangis by ye commondis of God.'

BY AND BY. — In AV 'by and by' means immedi-ately, not as now after some time. Thus Lk 21' ' the end is not by and by' (RV 'immediately').

BYWAY.— See Roads.

c

OAB. — See Weights and Meabcres.

CABBON (Jos 15").— A town of Judah near Eglon. See Machbena.

OABDI'. — The Eng. word 'cabin' is now chiefly con-fined to an apartment in a ship, but was formerly used of any small room. It occurs in AV for the cell (which is the word in AVm and RV) in which Jeremiah was confined (Jer 37"). Cf. Spenser, FQ i. vi. 23 — 'So long in secret cabin there he held Her captive to his sensual desire.'

CABTTL (Jos 192',, 1 K gis).— A town of Asher on the border of Zebulun. The district was ceded by Solomon to Tyre. Prob. the large village Kabul, E. of Acco.

CffiSAR. — This is the cognomen or surname of the gens Julia, which was borne, for example, by its most illustrious representative, Calus Julius Csesar. The emperor Augustus (b.c. 23-a.d. 14) had it by adoption, and was officially named ' Imperator Caesar Augustus.' His stepson, the emperor Tiberius, ofBcially 'Tiberius Caesar Augustus' (a.d. 14-37), had it through his adoption by Augustus. It was borne also, amongst other less important persons, by the emperor Caius Caesar Germanicus (nicknamed 'Caligula,' 'Boots') (a.d. 37-41), who was a son of Germanicus, the adopted son of the emperor Tiberius. These alone among the Roman emperors had it as a family name, but all the emperors bore it as a title except Vitellius (a.d. 69). and hence we find it continued in the titles Kaiser and Csar. The beginning of this use is seen in the NT. There the name is found always, except twice (Lk 2' 3'), by itself, simply equal to 'the Emperor.' The remaining emperors of the 1st cent, are Claudius (wh. see), Nero (wh. see). Galba (9 June 68-15 Jan. 69), Otho (15 Jan.-25 Apr. 69), ViteUius (2 Jan. 69-20 [?] Dec. 70), Ves-pasian (69-79), Titus (71-79-81), Domitian (81-96), Nerva (96-98), Trajan (97-98-117). A. Soutek.

Cffl S AR' S HOUSEHOLD .—In Ph 4« ' they that are of CjEsar's house ' send special greetings to the Philippians. St. Paul wrote from Rome, where he was in semi- captivity, and some of the Christians in Rome belonged to the efiicient and talented body of slaves and freedmen who worked in the Imperial palace and performed varied service for the emperor Nero. The number of these servants was very large, and amongst them were accountants, governors of provinces, secretaries, stewards, etc., as well as a great many officials concerned with humbler duties. They were persons of influence and often of considerable wealth, drawn from all nations within the Empire. The testimony of inscriptions makes it certain that most of the persons named in Ro 16 were ' of Caesar's household.' A. Souteh.

CiESAREA (mod. Kaisariyeh). — A city rebuilt by Herod the Great on the site of Straton's Tower, on the coast of Palestine, between Joppa and Dora. Its special features were — a large harbour protected by a huge mole and by a wall with 10 lofty towers and colossi; a promenade round the port, with arches where sailors could lodge; a temple of Augustus raised on a

platform, and visible far out at sea, containing two colossal statues of Rome and the Emperor; a system of drainage whereby the tides were utilized to flush the streets; wafls embracing a semicircular area stretching for a mile along the sea-coast ; two aqueducts, one of them 8 miles in length, displaying great engineering skill ; a hippodrome; an amphitheatre capable of seating 20,000 persons; a theatre; a court of justice, and many other noble structures. The city took 12 years to build, and Herod celebrated its completion (b.c. 10-9) with sump-tuous games and entertainments which cost £120,000. Herod used the port for his frequent voyages. Here he condemned to death his two sons Alexander and Aris-tobulus. After the banishment of Herod's successor Archelaus, Caesarea became the official residence of the Roman procurators of Palestine (broken only by the brief interval during which it was under the independent rule of Herod Agrippa i., who met his tragic death here in B.C. 44 [Ac 122»-»]). The fifth of these, Pontius Pilate, ordered a massacre in the hippodrome of Caesarea of those Jews who had flocked to implore the removal from Jerusalem of the profane eagle standards and images of the Emperor recently introduced. Only on their baring their necks for death and thus refusing to submit, did Pilate revoke the order, and direct the ensigns to be removed. Christianity early found its way here, Philip probably being the founder of the Church (Ac 8*'), while Paul passed through after his first visit to Jerusalem (Ac 19'°). Caesarea was the scene of the baptism of Cornelius (Ac 10). Here also the Holy Spirit for the first time fell on heathen, thus inaugurating the Gentile Pentecost (v."). Paul may have passed through Caesarea (Ac 18'''') at the time when numbers of Jewish patriots, captured by Cumanus, had here been crucified by Quadratus, legate of Syria. It was at Ca8sarea that Paul's arrest in Jerusalem was foretold by Agabus (Ac 21'-"). Here he was imprisoned for two years under FeUx (Ac 23). During that time a riot broke out between Greeks and Jews as to their respective rights, and Felix ordered a general massacre of the Jews to be carried out in the city. On the recall of FeUx, Nero sent Porcius Festus, who tried Paul (Ac 250 and also allowed him to state his case before Herod Agrippa II. and Berenice (Ac 26). The wickedness of the last procurator, Gessius Floras, finally drove the Jews into revolt. A riot in Caesarea led to a massacre in Jerusalem, and simultaneously 20,000 of the Jewish population of Caesarea were slaughtered. During the Great War, Caesarea was used as the base for operations, first by Vespasian, who was here proclaimed Emperor by his soldiers (a.d. 69), and latterly by his son Titus, who completed the destruction of Jerusalem. The latter celebrated the birthday of his brother Domitian by forcing 2600 Jews to fight with beasts in the arena at Caesarea. The city was made into a Roman colony, renamed Colonia Prima Flavia Augusta Cwsarensis, released from taxation, and recognized as the capital of Palestine.

Several Church Councils were held at Csesarea. It was from A.D. 200 to451 the residence of the Metropolitan bishop

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