years'
of
Gal
1"
2'
are
consecutive
(so
Lightfoot,
Rackham)
,
or
concurrent
(so
Ramsay,
Turner,
Harnack)
;
(2)
as
to
the
length
of
the
First
Missionary
Journey;
and
(3)
as
to
the
later
journeys
after
the
Roman
im-prisonment.
It
the
'three
years'
and
'fourteen
years'
are
consecutive,
a
total
of
about
16
years
(see
above)
is
required
for
the
interval
between
the
con-version
and
the
visit
of
Gal
2i.
But
as
the
interval
at
Tarsus
is
indeterminate,
and
the
First
Journey
may
have
been
anything
from
one
to
three
years,
all
systems
of
relative
chronology
can
be
made
to
agree,
except
in
small
details,
by
shortening
or
lengthening
these
periods.
For
a
discussion
of
some
of
the
doubtful
points
named
see
art.
Galatians
[Ep.
to
the],
§
3,
and
for
the
details
of
the
events
see
art.
Acts
of
the
Apostles,
§
5
ff.
The
following
table,
in
which
the
year
of
St.
Paul's
conversion
is
taken
as
1,
gives
the
various
events.
Ramsay's
calculation
is
taken
as
a
basis,
and
the
differ-ences
of
opinion
are
noted
in
brackets
[H
=
Harnack,
T=
Turner,
R
=
Ramsay,
L
=
Lightfoot].
I,
2.
Conversion
near
Damascus,
Ac
9^
22^
26^2;
retire-
ment
to
Arabia,
Gal
1^'';
preaching
in
Damascus,
Ac
9»-22
(?),
Gal
1".
3.
First
visit
to
Jerusalem,
Ac
9^8,
Gal
lis,
'three
years
after'
his
conversion.
4-11.
At
Tarsus
and
in
Syria-CiUoia,
Ac
9=»,
Gal
1^
[so
HR,
but
T
gives
two
years
less,
L
three
years
less]
.
12.
To
Antioch
with
Barnabas,
Ac
11».
13.
Second
visit
to
Jerusalem,
with
alms.
11^"
[=Gal
21,
R
?1
14-16.
First
Missionary
Journey,
toCyprus,
13';
Pamphylia,
and
Southern
Galatia
(Pisidian
Antioch,
13";
Iconium,
13'';
Lystra,
14';
Derbe,
14™),
and
back
by
Attalia
to
Antioch,
14*
[so
HR;
TL
give
one
year
less].
17.
Apostolic
Council
and
third
visit
to
Jerusalem,
16*
[=Gal
2',
TL?:
so
Sanday
and
most
com-mentators].
18-20.
Second
Missionary
Journey,
from
Antioch
through
Syria-Cilicia
to
Derbe
and
Lystra,
Ac
15*'
16';
through
the
'Phrygo-Galatic'
region
of
the
province
Galatia
to
Troas,
16'-^:
to
Macedonia,
16";
Athens,
17";
and
Corinth,
18',
where
18
months
are
spent;
thence
by
sea
to
Ephesus,
18'^;
Jerusalem
(fourth
visit),
18^;
and
Antioch,
where
'some
time'
is
apent^
182=.
21-24.
Third
Missionary
Journey,
from
Antioch
by
the
'
Galatic
region
and
the
Phrygian
region,'
18^,
to
Ephesus,
19',
where
two
years
and
three
months
are
spent,
19'"';
by
Troaa
2
Co
2'^,
to
Macedonia,
Ac
20';
and
Corinth,
20=
(see
2
Co
13'),
where
three
months
are
spent;
thence
back
by
Macedonia
to
Troas,
Miletus,
and
Csesarea,
20"-
''
218;
fifth
visit
to
Jerusalem,
21'^;
and
arrest,
2133;
imprisonment
at
Csesarea,
233*.
25.
In
Gffisarea,
24".
26.
Departure
for
Rome,
autumn,
271;
shipwreck
off
Malta,
28'.
27.
Arrival
at
Rome,
28".
28.
(end)
or
29
(early).
Acquittal.
29-34.
Later
journeys
and
death
[so
R;
L
gives
one
year
less,
T
two
years
less].
II.
Points
of
Contact
with
General
Histohy.
—
It
will
be
useful
to
give
the
dates
of
the
earlier
emperors,
and
those
of
the
procurators
of
Judaea.
Some
of
the
latter
dates
are
approximate
only;
information
as
to
them
is
derived
from
Josephus'
Antiquities,
and
to
some
extent
from
his
Jewish
Wars
(BJ).
Roman
Emperors.
Augustus
.
.
[B.C.
31
(a)]-A.D.
14
(Aug.
19)
Tiberius
14-37
(Mar.
16)
CaUgula
(Gains)
.
.
.
37-41
(Jan.
24)
Claudius
41-54
(Oct.
13)
Nero
54-68
Galba
68-69
Otho
69
Vitellius
69
Vespasian
....
69-79
Titus
79-81
Domitian
....
81-96
(a)
i.e.
the
battle
of
Actium;
Julius
Csesar
died
B.C.
44,
and
Eusebius
dates
Augustus'
reign
from
that
year
(HE
i.
5,
9),
as
does
also
Irenseus
(Haer.
ill.
xxi.
3).
Rulers
of
Jud^a.
Herod
the
Great,
king
(a)
.
B.C.
37-4
Archelaus,
ethnarch
(6)
.
.
B.C.
4-a.d.
6
Procurators.
Coponius
(c)
.
.
a.d.
6-9
?
Marcus
Ambivius
(d)
.
.
.
.
9-12
?
Annius
Rufus
(e)
....
12-15
?
Valerius
Gratus
(/)....
15-26
Pontius
Pilate
(b)
....
26-36
Marcellus
(h)
36-37
?
Marullus
(i)
37-41
?
Herod
Agrippa,
king
W)
.
.
.
41-44
Procurators.
Cuspius
Fadus
(k)
.
44-46
?
Tiberius
Alexander
(,1)
...
46
7-48
Cumanus
(m)
48-52
Antonius
Felix
(«)....
52-58
or
59
7
Poroius
Festus
(o)
.
.
.
.
597-61
Albinus
(p)
61-65
Gessius
Florus
(g)
....
65-66
(a)
He
had
been
king
de
jure
since
B.C.
40.
(6)
Josephus,
Ant.
xyii.
xi.
4,
xiii.
2;
he
reigned
over
nine
years,
(c)
ib.
xviii.
i.
1;
he
arrived
with
Quirinius
at
the
time
of
the
taxing,
Ac
5".
(d)
ib.
ii.
2.
(e)
ib.;
in
his
time
'the
second
emperor
of
the
Romans
[Augustus]
died.'
(f)
ib.;
sent
by
Tiberius;
he
ruled
eleven
years,
(ff)
ib.
and
iv.
2;
he
mitten
years
and
was
deposed
and
sent
to
Rome,
arriving
there
just
after
Tiberius'
death;
Turner
makes
his
accession
to
office
A.D.
27.
(h)
ib.
iv.
2;
sent
temporarily
by
Vitellius,
governor
of
Syria.
\i)
ib.
vi.
10;
sent
by
Caligula
on
his
accession,
(j)
ib.
and
xix.
v.
1;
made
king
by
Claudius
on
his
accession,
having
been
previously
given
the
tetrarchies
of
Philip
and
Lysanias
by
Caligula,
(fc)
ib.
xix.
ix.
2;
sent
by
Claudius
on
Agrippa's
death.
(Z)
ib.
xx.
v.
2.
(m)
ib.
_(n)
ib.
vii.
1,
viii.
9;
brother
of
Pallas;
sent
by
Claudius;
in
his
time
was
the
rebellion
of
one
Theudasj
recalled
by
Nero,
see
below,
§
12-
(o)
ib.
viii.
9
ff.
(p)
ib.
ix.
1;
sent
by
Nero
on
Festus'
death;
while
he
was
on
his
way
to
Judsea,
'the
brother
of
Jesus
who
was
called
Christ,
whose
name
was
James,*
was
stoned
by
the
Jews,
(g)
ib.
xi.
1;
the
last
procurator:
he
was
appointed
through
the
influence
of
roppEea;
his
bad
government
precipitated
the
Jewish
War.
—
For
the
procurators
see
also
BJ
u.
viii.
1,
ix.
4,
xi.
6,
xii.
1
f.
8,
xiii.
7,
xiv.
1
f.,
etc.
1
Date
of
the
nativity.
—
Early
chronology
is
in
such
confusion
that
it
is
very
difficult
to
assign
exact
dates
to
the
various
events,
and
the
early
Fathers
give
us
little
or
no
guidance.
Clement
of
Alexandria
(Strom,
i.
21)
says
that
our
Lord
was
born
194
years
1
month
13
days
before
the
death
of
Commodus
[a.d.
192],
in
the
28th
year
of
Augustus;
but
his
dating
of
Commodus
is
wrong
(see
4
below).
The
calculation
of
our
Christian
era,
due
to
Dionysius
Exiguus
in
the
6th
cent.,
is
ob-viously
wrong
by
several
years.
Even
the
dating
by
the
regnal
years
of
emperors
is
open
to
considerable
doubt,
as
it
is
not
always
certain
from
what
epoch
calculation
is
made;
e.g.
whether
from
the
death
of
the
predecessor,
or
from
the
association
with
the
prede-cessor
as
colleague.
For
the
birth
of
Christ
indications
have
been
found
in
the
death
of
Herod,
the
Lukan
census,
and
the
Star
of
the
Magi.
(o)
Death
of
Herod.
—
^This
probably
took
place
B.C.
4,
Eossibly
B.C.
3.
His
son
Archelaus
(Mt
2^),
who
succeeded
im
in
part
of
his
dominions
with
the
title
of
ethnarch,
was
deposed
(Dion
Cassius,
Lv.
27)
in
the
consulship
of
Lepidus
and
Arruntius
(a.d.
6),
either
in
his
ninth
(so
Joseph.
BJn.
vii.
3)
or
in
his
tenth
year
(so
Ant.
xvii.
xiii_.
2;
and
the
Life,
§
1
,
speaks
of
his
tenth
year)
.
This
would
give
the
above
dates
for
Herod's
death;
for
various
considerations
which
make
B.C.
4
the
preferable
date
see
Turner,
op.
cit.
p.
404.
We
must
then
place
our
Lord's
birth
one
or
two
years
before
at
least,
for
Herod
slew
the
male
children
of
two
years
old
and
under
(Mt
2i«),
and
we
have
to
allow
for
the
sojourn
in
Egypt.
(6)
The
Luhan
census
(Lk
2''')
would
suit
the
result
just
reached;
see
art.
Luke
[Gospel
acc.
to],
5
7
(c)
The
Magi.
Kepler
calculated
the
date
of
the
Nativity
from
a
conjunction
of
planets,
which
he
believed
the
'star
in
the
east
'
to
be
(Ramsay,
Was
Christ
bom
at
Bethlehem?
',
p.
215
ft.).
But
it
is
impossible
to
build
chronological
results
on
such
an
uncertain
basis.
The
date
arrived
at
by
Ramsay
from
these
considera-tions
is
B.C.
6
(summer),
by
Turner,
B.C.
6
(spring)
or
B.C.
7.
We
must
remain
in
ignorance
of
the
day
and
month.
The
calculations
which
give
Dec.
25
and
Jan.
6
are
both
based
on
a
fanciful
exposition
and
a
wrong
