DEMON

the crown of Syria (b.c. 153); and he and Demetrius competed for the support of Jonathan (1 Mac 10'-"; Jos. Ant. XIII. ii. 1-3). Balas prevailed in spite of the attempts of his rival to outbid him (1 Mac lO^*-"). In B.C. 150 a decisive engagement took place, in which Demetrius was defeated and slain (1 Mac lO**-"; Jos. Ant. XIII. ii. 4).

2. Nikator, sent by his father, D. Soter, for safety to Cnidus after the success of Balas seemed probable. After several years of exile he landed (B.C. 147) with an army of Cretan mercenaries on the CiUcian coast, and finally inflicted a fatal defeat upon Balas (b.c. 145) on the banks of the (Enoparas, from which event Demetrius derived his surname (1 Mac 11"-"; Jos. Ant. xiii. iv. 8). He bought off the opposition of Jonathan by the addition of three Samaritan provinces to Judsea, and the exemption from tribute of the country thus enlarged (1 Mac lizo-s'; Jos. Ant. xiii. iv. 9). After varying fortunes in the war with Tryphon (wh. see), Demetrius invaded the dominions of the king of Parthia, by whom, in b.c. 138, he was taken prisoner (1 Mac IV-'). Upon regaiuiq|#his liberty at the end of ten years, he undertook a w!r against Ptolemy Physkon of Egypt. Having been defeated by Zabinas at Damascus, he fled to Ptolemads, and thence to Tyre, where in b.c. 125 he was murdered (Jos. Ant. xiii. ix. 3), possibly at the instigation of his wife Cleopatra (App. Syr. 68; Liv. Epit. Ix.).

3. Eukairos, grandson of D. Nikator. On the death of his father he estabUshed himself in Ccele-Syria, with Damascus as his capital (Jos. Ant. xiii. xiii. 4). When civil war broke out between Alexander Jannaeus and his Pharisee subjects, the latter invited the assistance of Demetrius (Jos. Ant. xiii. xiii. 5, BJ i. iv. 4), who defeated JanuEBus in a pitched battle nearShechem (Jos. Ant. xiii. xiv. 1, BJi.iv. 5). After a chequered career, Demetrius fell into the hands of the Farthians, by whom he was detained in captivity until his death (Jos. Ant. xiii. xiv. 3).

4. 5. Two persons of the name are mentioned in NT — the ringleader in the riot at Ephesus (Ac IQ^*), and a disciple commended by St. John (3 Jn '2). Probably the same name occurs in a contracted form as Demos.

DBaHON.— The word does not occur in AV. In RV it is substituted for ' devil ' in the margin of many passages, and the American Committee was in favour of its adop-tion in the text. Twice it stands in the text (Dt 32", Ps 106='), representing a root found in both Assyr. and Arab., and denoting a species of genii or demi-gods, who were conceived as invested with power for good or evil, and to whom even human sacriflces were offered. So in Bar 4'; and in the same sense probably 'devils' is used in 1 Co 10^^° and Rev 9^°. For the conception of demon as an influence or spirit, exclusively evil, see Devil; and for the phenomena, see Possession and Exorcism. R. W. Moss.

DEMOPHON' (2 Mac 122).— A Syrian commandant in Palestine under Antiochus Eupator.

DEN. — The five Heb. words represented by 'den' signify respectively 'hollow place' (Is 32"), 'thicket' (Ps 10"), 'place of ambush' (Job 37«), 'dwelUng' (Job 38<»), 'light hole' or 'eyeball' (Is ll'); but the last passage, may be corrupt. J. 'Taylok.

DENARIUS.— See Monet, §§ 6. 7.

DEPUTY.— 1 . AV of Est 8' 9' (RV governor ') as tr. of pecMh. See Goveknor. 2. AV of Ac 13'- «■ '2 IS'^ igas (RV 'proconsul') as tr. of Gr. anthupatos. See Pro-consul. 3. RV of Jer 51^- ^s (AV 'ruler'), Dn S^- > 6' (AV ' governor') as tr. of sOgan or its Aram, equivalent. •The term denotes in these passages a superior oflicial or prefect of the Babylonian Empire. It is applied elsewhere (Ezr 9^, Neh 2^" 4'*- •» etc.) to petty officials in Judah (EV 'rulers,' RVm 'deputies'). 4. AV and

DESCENT INTO HADES

RV of 1 K 22" as tr. of nisiab (lit. 'one set up or appointed'), used of the vassal-king of Edom.

DERBE. — A city in the ethnic district Lycaonia, and in the region Lycaonia-Galatica of the Roman province Galatia, on the main road from Iconium (or Lystra) S.E. to Laranda. - The modern villages Losta and Gudelissin are built on the ruins of the city or its territory. Amyntas, king of Galatia, had conquered it, and in b.c. 25 it passed with the rest of his territory into the hands of the Romans. From a.d. 41 to 72 it was the frontier city of the province, and was honoured with the prefix Claudia. It was in this period that St. Paul visited it (Ac 14'), and then retraced his steps to Lystra, etc. On his second journey, coming from Cilicia, he reached it first and then went on to Lystra, as he did also on the third journey. Gains of Derbe was one of the representatives of Galatia in the deputa-tion which carried the collection for the poor Christians in Jerusalem (Ac 20*). Derbe was on the whole one of the least important places visited by St. Paul, and appears little in history. A. SonTER.

DESCENT INTO HADES.— The general meaning of the word 'hell' (Hades) in the OT is the unseen, hidden place. It is the shadowy dwelling-place of the spirits of the dead. At first there was no idea of a distinction between good and bad. But such an idea grew up, and in the NT our Lord sanctioned the beUef. In the parable of Dives and Lazarus (Lk le's-si), whUe the soul of Dives was said to be in torment the soul of Lazarus was taken to the society of Abraham. The promise to the penitent robber (Lk 23") ' To-day shalt thou be with me in Paradise,' points in the same direction.

The Apostles seem to have taught from the first that the soul of Christ Himself passed into Hades at His death. This appears in the first sermon of St. Peter (Ac 2^1-81), when he quotes Ps 16M, 'Thou wilt not leave my soul in Hades,' as a prophecy of the Resurrection. St. Paul also, adapting some words from Dt 30'', wrote to the Romans (IC) that it is not necessary to search the depth, since Christ is risen from the dead. His reference to 'the lower parts of the earth' in Eph 4' has been interpreted to mean ' came down to earth in the Incarna-tion': 'Now this, he ascended, what is it but that he also descended first into the lower parts of the earth?' But the phrase had been used in Ps 63' with reference to Hades, and has probably that meaning in this passage also. Through obedience even unto death, Christ became Lord of the under world also, and in His descent asserted His Lordship (Ph 2'").

Thus we find the way prepared for explanation of the difficult passage 1 P S's-^": 'Because Christ also suffered for sins once, the righteous for the unrighteous, that he might bring us to God; being put to death in the flesh, but quickened in the spirit ; in which also he went and preached unto the spirits in prison, which aforetime were disobedient, when the long-suffering of God waited in the days of Noah, while the ark was a preparing'; cf. 4« ' For unto this end was the gospel preached even to the dead, that they might be judged according to men in the flesh, but live according to God in the spirit.'

Until the time of St. Augustine this passage was interpreted to mean that Christ preached to the spirits of men and women who were drowned in the Flood. The Apostle bids his readers take courage from the fact that Christ's death was followed by a quickening in the spirit. If persecution should bring them to death also, simUar increase of spiritual energy would follow. There is a reference to the Ascension in v.^^, which marks the time that Christ preached and excludes the idea that Christ in Noah preached to the men of Noah's time, which was first suggested by St. Augustine. This view, however, though supported in modern times by the great names of Hammond, Pearson, and Barrow, is generally regarded as impossible.

There is one other interpretation, which must be

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