HOPHNI AND PHINEHAS

whether in the way ot personal attainment or of social betterment, are steps in the progress towards the final ' deU verance from the bondage of corruption ' and ' the reveaUng of the sons of God' — the great day of the Lord. Its ground lies in the 'promise(s) of God' (Tit V, He 6's-i8, 2 P 3'=, 1 Jn 2*>), esp. the definite promise of the triumphant return of Jesus ensuring the consummation of the Messianic Kingdom (Mt 243"'-, Ac 1" 3'»-2i, 1 Co 15"-2», Rev ll's-is etc.); and its guarantee is twofold, being given objectively in the resurrection and ascension of our Lord (Ac 17'', Kol', Eph li«-« Col 1", He 62", 1 P l" etc.), and sub-jectively In 'the earnest of the Spirit witliin' Christian 'hearts' (2 Co I™-, Ro 8'"-, Eph l'"-). Its subjects are 'the men of faith' (Ro 5'-' 15" etc.): it Is 'the hope of our caUiug' (Eph i*, 1 Th 2f', Rev 19»), 'the hope ot the gospel' (Col 1^) — that which the gospel conveys, and 'the hope oS righteousness' (Gal 5') — that which the righteousness of faith entertains; it belongs only to the Christianly pure, and is purifying in effect (1 Jn 3"-, cf. Ps 2i'-', Mt 58, Rev 22"'). Finally, it is a collective hope, the heritage of 'the body of Christ,' dear to Christian brethren because of their affection for each other (1 Th 4"-", 2 Th Z', Eph 5", Rev IQ^'- 21'-' etc.); and is cherished esp. by ministers of Christ for those in their charge (2 Co 1'-'°, 1 Th 2'»'-, Col 1" 3<, Ph 2" etc.), as it animated the Chief Shepherd (Jn 10"«- 1228 U^- 17^ etc.). ' In Christ Jesus' hope is bound up as intimately with love as with faith; these are the triad of essential graces (1 Co 13", 1 Th 1», 2 Th 1"-, Eph 4'-', He 10™.).

The whole future of the Christian life, for man and society, is lodged with ' Christ Jesus our hope' (1 Ti 1', Col 1") ; N'T expectation focussed itself on His Parousia — ' the blessed hope ' (Tit 2"). Maranatha (' our Lord cometh ' was a watchword of the Pauline Churches (1 Co 16^^; cf. 1"-). 'The hope laid up for' them 'in the heavens' formed the treasure of the first believers (Col 1" 3'-* etc.) ; to 'wait for' the risen Jesus, coming as God's son 'from heaven' (1 Th 1"), was half their religion. 'By this hope' were they 'saved,' being enabled in its strength to bear joyfully the ills of life and the universal contempt and persecution ot the world around them, which stimulated instead of quenching their courage (Ro 62-' 8's-M, 2 Co 418 58, ph izof., He 1082-8e, Rev 7'8-"). According to the fine figure ot He 6'8b-, hope was their ' anchor of the soul,' grappled to the throne of the living, glorified Jesus 'within the veil.' G. G. Findlay.

HOPHNI AND PHINEHAS.— The two sons ot EU; they were priests in the sanctuary at Shiloh, where, in spite of the presence of their father, they carried on their evil practices. In consequence of their deeds a curse is twice pronounced upon the house of Eli, first by a 'man of God' (1 S 2^') who is not named, and again by the mouth of Samuel (ch. 3). The curse was accomplished when Hophni and Phinehas were slain at the battle of Aphek, and the ark of God was lost — -an incident which was the cause of the death ot Eli (ch. 4). The malpractices of these two consisted in their claiming and appropriating more than their due of the sacrifices (2'8-"), and in their immoral actions in the Tabernacle (v.22; cf. Am 2'- »).

W. O. E. Oesterlet.

HOPHRA.— Jer 443»; the Egyptian Wahebre, Apries ot Herodotus, fourth king of the 26th Dyn. (c. B.C. 588-569 and grandson of Necho. He, or possibly his prede-cessor Psammetichus 11., is also referred to as Pharaoh in Jer 37«- '■ ", Ezk 298 etc. Little is certainly known of his reign. Hophra must have been defeated by Nebu-chadnezzar in Syria in attempting to resist the progress of the Babylonian army, and he received the fugitives from Palestine after the destruction of Jerusalem in B.C. 586. There is no evidence that Nebuchadnezzar plundered Egypt, as was anticipated by Ezekiel, though he seems to have attacked Hophra's successor Amasis

HORMAH

in B.C. 568 with some success, and may have overrun some part of Lower Egypt. The Syrian and other mercenary soldiers stationed at Elephantine revolted in the reign of Hophra, but were brought again to submission. Another mutiny of the Egyptian soldiery, recorded by Herodotus, resulted in Amasis being put upon the throne as champion ot the natives. Hophra relied on the Greek mercenaries, and maintained him-self, perhaps in a forced co-regency, in Lower Egypt until the third year of Amasis, when he was defeated and slain. F. Ll. Griffith.

HOR. — 1. A mountain 'in the edge of the land of Edom ' (Nu 338'), where Aaron died. Constant tradition, at least since Josephus, sees Mount Hor in Jebel Harun, ' the Mountain of Aaron,' above Petra. This is regarded by the Arabs as the mountain sacred to the great high priest, and his tomb is shown and reverenced under a small dome on its summit. Some modern writers, especially H. C. TrumbuU, have doubted the tradition and endeavoured to fix other sites, such as Jebel Madeira, N.W. of 'Ain Kadis. Jebel HarUn rises 4780 ft. above the sea-level. Its western side is an unscalable precipice; it is ascended from the pass leading into Petra. A very wide view over the Arabian desert, down to the Red Sea and up to the GhOr, is commanded from the summit. 2. A mountain mentioned in Nu 34'' ', as in the northern boundary of the Promised Land. In all prob-ability this is meant for Herman.

R. A. S. Macalister.

HOBAM.— A king of Gezer defeated and slain by Joshua (Jos 1083).

HOREB. — See Sinai.

HOREM. — A city of Naphtall in the mountains (Jos 1988); prob. the modern HUrah west ot Kedesh-naphtali.

H0RE8H. — The word hSresh means ' wooded height ' in Is 17', Ezk SI', 2 Ch 27<, and this is probably its meaning in 1 S 23'' (cf. vv.'8. is)^ although some would ■ make Horesh a proper name, as in RVm.

HOR-HAGGrlDGAD. — A station in the journeyings ot the IsraeUtes (Nu 3382- ss) . The name suggests the land ot the Horites, or its neighbourhood.

HORI.— 1. A son of Seir (Gn 36^2 = 1 Ch 18"). 2. The father of Shaphat the Simeonite spy (Nu 13').

HORITES. — The pre-Edomitic inhabitants of Seir or Edom according to Gu 14* (a late passage) and Dt 2'2. 22 (D2). Apparently they commingled with the Edomite Invaders, for Gn 362»- 21. ss (pa) counts them among the descendants of Esau. The name is usually taken to mean 'cave-dwellers,' and this is probably correct. There are many tombs in the rocks at Petra (ct. Robinson, BBP^ ii. 129, 134), and some ot these, like some at Beit Jibrin and some recently discovered at Gezer (cf . PEFSt, 1902, pp. 345 ff., and 1903, pp. 9-12) may have been used as dwellings originally. Sayce (HCM 203 ff.) derives the name from a root meaning ' white ' as contrasted with the ' red '-skinned Edomites, while Hommel (AHT 261 ff.) takes it as a form ot Garu (or Kharu) of one ot the Amarna tablets. Kharu was, however, in Egyptian a name for all the inhabitants of Syria (ct. W. M. Mtlller, Asien und Europa, 148 ff.), and can hardly be connected with Horites. Driver (Deut. p. 38) favours the explanation as equivalent to ' cave-dweUers ' or 'troglodytes.'

George A. Barton.

HORMAH ('devoted' or 'accursed') was a city, apparently not far from Kadesh, where the Israelites were overthrown, when, after the death of the ten spies, they insisted on going forward (Nu 14", Dt 1"). At a later time it was taken and destroyed by Israel (Nu 218, Jos 1219), this feat being attributed in Jg 1" to Judah and Simeon. There we learn that the former name was Zephath, Possibly the memory of the previous disaster here led to its being called 'Accursed.' It was one of

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