general
Pompey,
appeared
In
Damascus,
and
both
brothers
appealed
to
him.
The
interference
of
Scaurus
gave
Aristobulus
some
advantage,
but
settled
nothing,
so
that
when,
in
64-63,
Pompey
himself
appeared,
both
brothers
sent
him
rich
gifts
and
appealed
to
him.
Pompey
postponed
decision
until
he
should
reach
Jerusalem.
Meantime
he
set
out
upon
an
expedition
against
the
Nabatseans,
taking
both
Aristobulus
and
Hyrcanus
with
him.
In
the
progress
of
this
expedition
Aristobulus
deserted
and
fled,
first
to
Alexandrium
and
then
to
Jerusalem.
Pompey,
hearing
of
this,
proceeded
at
once
to
Jerusalem.
When
he
approached
it,
Aristobulus
first
promised
to
capitulate,
and
then,
at
the
instigation
of
his
soldiers,
shut
the
gates
against
him.
Pompey
invested
the
city,
which,
after
a
terrible
siege
of
three
months,
capitu-lated
(Ant.
xrv.
iv.
1-4).
With
the
fall
of
Jerusalem.
In
Oct.
63,
the
Jews
for
ever
lost
their
independence,
and
the
dream
of
empire
which
had
been
awakened
by
the
success
of
Simon
eighty
years
before
was
dispelled.
28
.
Roman
Rule
before
Herod
.—The
history
of
the
Jews
for
the
next
few
years
reflects
the
vicissitudes
of
the
tangled
politics
of
the
city
of
Rome.
From
B.C.
63-48
Palestine
was
under
the
personal
power
of
Pompey.
That
general
had
re-established
Hyrcanus
ii.
in
power
as
high
priest,
hut
stripped
him
of
most
of
the
territory
won
since
the
days
of
Simon,
and
made
him
subject
to
his
personal
representative,
Scaurus.
In
the
years
that
followed,
Hyrcanus
came
more
and
more
under
the
influence
of
Antipater,
his
self-appointed
adviser.
Antipater
was
found
to
be
a
man
of
such
ability
that
the
Romans
committed
to
him
the
finances
of
Judaea,
and
on
more
than
one
occasion
entrusted
delicate
missions
to
him,
but
Hyrcanus
was
in
name
the
ruler
of
the
land.
How
the
Pharisees
felt
during
this
period
we
learn
from
the
poems
called
'The
Psalter
of
Solomon.'
The
loss
of
independence
had
led
them
to
cherish
with
renewed
fervour
the
hopes
of
a
Messianic
kingdom.
After
the
defeat
and
death
of
Pompey
in
48,
Antipater
and
Hyrcanus
were
able
to
render
Julius
Cassar
material
aid
at
Alexandria,
thus
winning
his
favour.
Antipater,
who
had
of
course
been
the
chief
instrument
in
this,
was
made
a
Roman
citizen
by
Csesar,
and
also
procurator
of
Judaea.
Many
privileges
of
which
Pompey
had
deprived
them
were
restored
to
the
Jews.
The
old
powers
of
the
Sanhedrin
were
revived;
the
religious
customs
of
the
Jews
were
guaranteed,
not
only
in
Judaea,
but
in
Alexandria
and
elsewhere,
and
their
taxes
were
remitted
in
the
Sabbatical
years
(Ant.
xiv.
ix.
3-5).
Antipater
proceeded
to
build
up
the
fortunes
of
his
family,
making
his
son
Phasaelus
governor
of
Jerusalem,
and
Herod
governor
of
Galilee.
Herod
proved
an
able
adminis-trator,
but
narrowly
escaped
condemnation
by
the
Sanhedrin
for
presuming
to
exercise
the
power
of
life
and
death
without
its
consent.
In
B.C.
44
Lucius
Cassius
went
to
Syria
to
raise
funds
for
the
conspirators.
Antipater
made
no
resistance,
but
sought
to
show
how
useful
his
family
could
be.
He
set
his
sons
to
raise
the
700
talents
imposed
on
the
Jews,
and
Herod
was
so
successful
in
raising
the
part
assigned
to
him
that
he
was
made
general
of
the
forces,
both
land
and
maritime,
of
Coele-Syria.
The
withdrawal
of
Cassius
from
Syria
was
followed
by
the
murder
of
Antipater,
after
which
Hyrcanus
came
under
the
power
of
Herod
and
Phasaelus.
When
Cassius
and
Brutus
were
defeated
at
PhiUppi
(b.c.
42),
Antony
moved
on
to
the
eastward
to
secure
Syria.
Although
many
Jews
complained
bitterly
of
the
sons
of
Antipater,
he
made
them
tetrarchs
with
full
political
power,
leaving
to
Hyrcanus
only
the
high
priesthood.
While
Antony
was
in
Egypt,
Antigonus,
a
son
of
Aristobulus
II.,
gained
the
aid
of
the
Parthians,
who
sent
a
force
which
captured
Jerusalem
(b.c.
40),
and
made
Antigonus
both
king
and
high
priest.
In
the
progress
of
events
which
thus
culminated
Phasaelus
had
committed
suicide.
Hyrcanus
was
taken
to
Babylon
and
had
his
ears
cut
off,
that
he
might
never
be
high
priest
again.
Herod,
in
view
of
these
events,
made
a
most
remarkable
winter
journey
to
Rome,
where
he
besought
Augustus
and
Antony
to
make
Aristobulus.
a
grandson
of
Hyrcanus
ii.,
king.
These
Roman
statesmen,
however,
preferred
to
commit
the
government
to
one
whose
abiUty
had
already
been
proved;
they
accordingly
made
Herod
king
and
he
returned
to
win
his
kingdom.
Naturally
Herod
could
do
Uttle
until
Antony,
who
was
leading
an
expedition
against
the
Parthians,
could
allow
him
troops
with
which
to
flght,
but
with
aid
so
furnished
he
finally
expelled
Antigonus
and
became
king
of
the
Jews
in
fact
as
well
as
in
name
in
b.c.
37.
29.
Herod
and
his
successors.
—
The
reign
of
Herod
(wh.
see)
was
marked
at
first
by
a
period
of
diCBculty
.
His
master,
Antony,
was
the
slave
of
the
Egyptian
Cleopatra,
and
Herod
had
not
only
the
ordinary
difficulty
of
a
ruler
of
the
Jews
to
contend
with,
but
the
caprices
of
Cleopatra
as
well.
After
the
battle
of
Actium
he
won
the
favour
of
Augustus,
who
became
the
master
of
the
whole
Roman
world,
and
a
period
of
prosperity
set
in.
Herod
had
a
passion
for
building,
and
knew
how
to
squeeze
money
out
of
his
subjects
for
his
purposes.
He
therefore
built
many
cities,
adorning
them
with
the
beauties
of
Greek
archi-tecture.
He
also
built
many
temples.
His
rebuilding
of
the
Temple
in
Jerusalem
is,
perhaps,
the
best
known
of
these
undertakings,
but
it
is
only
one
of
many.
The
taxes
necessary
for
his
various
enterprises
fell
heavily
upon
his
subjects,
and
rendered
them
wretched
and
restless.
His
domestic
life
was
tragic,
though
his
own
disposition
was
the
cause
of
this.
During
his
reign
Hellenism
made
new
inroads
into
Judaea,
and
Pharisaism
became
consolidated
in
the
celebrated
schools
of
Hillel
and
Shammai.
When
Herod
died
(b.c.
4),
Augustus
divided
his
dominions
among
his
sons,
Archelaus
receiving
Judaea
and
Samaria;
Antipas,
GaUlee
and
Peraea;
and
Philip,
Ituraea
and
Trachonitis.
Antipas
held
his
territory
till
A.D.
39,
and
was
the
ruler
of
GaUlee
in
the
time
of
Christ,
but
Archelaus
proved
such
a
bad
ruler
that
in
A.D.
6
Augustus
removed
him,
banishing
him
to
Gaul
(Jos.
BJ
II.
vii.
3).
Judffia
was
then
placed
under
procurators
as
a
part
of
the
province
of
Syria.
The
fifth
of
these
procurators
was
Pontius
Pilate,
under
whom
Christ
was
crucified.
Once
more
(a.d.
41-44)
all
the
dominions
of
Herod
were
united
under
Herod
Agrippa
i.,
a
grandson
of
Herod
the
Great.
Agrippa
was
a
friend
of
the
Emperor
CaUgula,
who
gave
him
this
position,
but
his
rule
was
brief.
Upon
his
death
the
country
patssed
once
more
under
direct
Roman
rule
through
procurators.
30.
last
political
struggles.
—
From
the
time
that
Pompey
conquered
Jerusalem
many
Jews
had
entertained
hopes
of
national
independence.
Some
thought
that
the
tables
might
be
turned,
and
Jerusalem
might
replace
Rome
as
the
mistress
of
the
world.
Gradually
these
feehngs
pervaded
most
of
the
population,
and
became
more
intense.
Finally,
in
a.d.
66,
they
took
shape
in
open
rebellion.
The
Roman
general
Vespasian
was
sent
to
put
down
the
revolution,
and
had
reduced
GaUlee
and
the
outlying
cities
of
Judaa
when
he
heard
of
the
death
of
Nero,
and
withdrew
to
Egypt
to
await
events.
During
69
Vespasian
was
fighting
for
the
empire,
which
he
flnaUy
won;
but
the
Jews,
instead
of
strengthening
themselves
for
the
coming
conflict,
were
consuming
one
another
by
civil
war.
Finally,
in
a.d.
70,
Titus
appeared
before
Jerusalem
with
a
Roman
army,
and
after
one
of
the
most
terrible
sieges
in
its
history,
which
Josephus
fully
describes
(BJ
v.
ii.
£f.),
it
was
once
more
devastated.
The
Temple
was
ruined,
its
sacred
furniture
taken
to
Rome,
where
the
candlestick
may
still
be
seen
carved
on
the
Arch
of
Titus,
the
waU
of
the
city
broken
down,
and
the
whole
site
laid
waste.
The
services
of
the
Jewish
Temple
then
ceased
for
ever.
The
tenth
Roman
legion
was
left
in
charge
of
the
spot,
and
camped
here
for
many
years.
A
small
garrison
of
