JAGUR

may be rejoiced over and commended by those who have not taken part in it. The writer of the Song of Deborah records an act which, though base, resulted in putting the seal to the Israelite victory, and thus contributed to the recovery of Israel from a 'mighty oppression' (Jg 4'); in the exultation over this result the woman who helped to bring it about by her act is extolled. Though the writer of the Song would probably have scorned to commit such a deed himself, he sees no incongruity in praising it for its beneficent consequences. This is one degree worse than ' doing evil that good may come,' for the evil itself is extolled; whereas, in the other case, it is deplored, and unwilUngly acquiesced in because it is 'necessary.' The spirit which praises such an act as Jael's is, in some sense, akin to that of a Jewish custom (Corban) which grew up in later days, and which received the condemnation of Christ, Mk 7"; in each case a contemptible act is condoned, and even extolled, because of the advantage (of one kind or another) which it brings.

In Jg 5» the words 'in the days of Jael' create a difflculty, which can be accounted for only by regarding them, with most scholars, as a gloss. See also Babak, Debohah, Sisera. W. O. E. Oestbrley.

JAGUR. — A town in the extreme south of Judah (Jos 152'). The site is unknown.

JAH.— See God, § 2 (3).

JAHATH.— 1. A grandson of Judah (1 Ch 42). 2. A great-grandson of Levi (1 Ch 6^'- "). 3. A son of Shimei (1 Ch 23'»). 4. One of the 'sons' of Shelomoth (1 Ch 2422). 5. A Merarite Levite in the time of Josiah (2 Ch 3412).

JAHAZ (in 1 Ch 6", Jer 48" Jahzah).— A town at which Sihon was defeated by Israel (Nu 2V, Dt 2^^, Jg ll'i). After the crossing of the Arnon, messengers were sent to Sihon from the ' wilderness of Kedemoth ' (Dt 2?'), and he 'went out against Israel into the wilder-ness and came to Jahaz' (Nu 2123). Jahaz is men-tioned in connexion with Kedemoth (Jos 13" 21"). These passages indicate a position for Jahaz in the S.E. portion of Sihon's territory. Jahaz was one of the Levite cities of Reuben belonging to the children of Merari (Jos IS'* 21" [see note in EVm], 1 Ch 6"). According to the Moabite Stone (11. 18-20), the king of Israel dwelt at Jahaz while at war with king Mesha, but was driven out, and the town was taken and added to Moabite territory. Isaiah (15*) and Jeremiah (482'- ") refer to it as in the possession of Moab. The site has not yet been identified.

JAHAZIEL. — 1. A Benjamite who joined David at Ziklag (1 Ch 12*). 2. One of the two priests who blew trumpets before the ark when it was brought by David to Jerusalem (1 Ch 16«). 3. A Kohathite Levite (1 Ch 2319 2423). 4. An Asaphite Levite who encouraged Jehoshaphat and his army against an invading host (2 Ch 20"). 5. The ancestor of a family of exiles who returned (Ezr 8*) ; called in 1 Es S^ Jezelus.

JAHDAI.— A Calebite (1 Ch 2").

JAHDIEL.— A Manassite chief (1 Ch S«).

JAHDO.— A Gadite (1 Ch 5").

JAHLEEL.— Third son of Zebulun (Gn 46", Nu 282«); patron. Jahleelites (Nu 2629).

JABDMAI.— A man of Issachar (1 Ch 72).

JAHWEH.— See God, § 2 (f).

JAHZAH.— The form of Jahaz (wh. see) in 1 Ch 6" and Jer 482>.

JAHZEEL.— NaphtaU's firstborn (Gn 462i, Nu 26"); in 1 Ch 7'^ Jahziel; patron. Jahzeelites (Nu 26").

JAHZEIAH. — One of four men who are mentioned as opposing (so EV) Ezra in the matter of the foreign wives (Ezr ID'S). The AV regarded Jahzeiah and his companionis as supporters of Ezra, rendering

JAMES

'were employed about this matter.' This view is sup-ported by LXX, 1 Es 9" RVm; but the Heb. phrase here found elsewhere (cf. 1 Ch 21', 2 Ch 202', Dn 11") expresses opposition.

JAHZERAH. Ahzai.

-A priest (1 Ch 912); called in Neh 11"

JAHZIEL.— See Jahzeel.

JAIB. — 1. A clan of Jairites lived on the east of Jordan who were called after Jair. This Jair was of the children of Manasseh (Nu 32"), and— if we may assume a traditional fusion — a 'judge' (Jg 10"»). The settlement of this clan marks a subsequent conquest to that of the west of Jordan. The gentiUc Jairite is used for Ira (2 S 202«). 2. The father of Mordecai (Est 25). 3. The father of Elhanan. See Elhanan, Jaahe-Oreqim). w. F. Cobb.

JAIRUS (= Jair).— This Greek form of the name is used in the Apocrypha (Ad. Est 1 12) for Mordecai's father Jair (Est 2'); and (1 Es 5") for the head of a family of Temple servants. In NT it is the name of the ruler of the synagogue whose daughter Jesus raised from the dead (Mk 522, Lk 8"). In || Mt. (Q's) he is not named. The story of this raising comes from the 'Petrine tradition.' A. J. Maclean.

JAKEH. — Father of Agur, the author of the prov-erbs contained in Pr 30.

JAKIM.— 1. A Benjamite (1 Ch 8"). 2. A priest, head of the 12th course (1 Ch 24i2).

JALAM. — A 'son' of Esau (Gn 365- >*■ ", 1 Ch 1»).

JALON.— A Calebite (1 Ch 4").

JAMBRES. — See Jannes and Jambhes.

JAMBRI. — A robber tribe which .attacked and captured a convoy under the charge of John the Maccabee. The outrage was avenged by Jonathan and Simon, who waylaid and slaughtered a large party of the 'sons of Jambri' (1 Mac 9='-<2),

JAMES. — 1. James, the son of Zebedee, one of the Twelve, the elder brother of John. Their father was a Galilsean fisherman, evidently in a thriving way, since he employed 'hired servants' (Mk 129). Their mother was Salome, and, since she was apparently a sister of the Virgin Mary (cf. Mt 27" = Mk IS" with Jn 1929), they were cousins of Jesus after the flesh. Like his brother, James worked with Zebedee in partner-ship with Simon and Andrew (Lk S'9), and he was busy with boat and nets when Jesus called him to leave all and follow Him (Mt 421. 22 = Mk 1". 20). His name is coupled with John's in the lists of the Apostles (Mt 102= Mk 3" = Lk 6"), which means that, when the Twelve were sent out two by two to preach the Kingdom of God (Mk 6'), they went- in company. And they seem to have been men of like spirit. They got from Jesus the same appellation, 'the Sons of Thunder' (seeBoANEROEs), and they stood, with Simon Peter, on terms of special intimacy with Him. James attained less distinction than his brother, but the reason is not that he had less devo-tion or aptitude, but that his Ufe came to an untimely end. He was martyred by Herod Agrippa (Ac 122).

2. James, the son of Alphseus (probably identical with Clopas of Jn I929 RV), styled 'the Little' (not 'the Less'), probably on account of the shortness of his stature, to distinguish him from the other Apostle James, the son of Zebedee. His mother was Mary, one of the devoted women who stood by the Cross and visited the Sepulchre. He had a brother Joses, who was apparently a believer. See Mk 15", Jn I929, Mk 16'.

Tradition says that he had been a tax-gatherer, and it is very possible that hia father AlphEeus was the same person as Alphaeus the father of Levi the tax-gatherer (Rlk 2"), afterwards Matthew the Apostle and Evangelist. If these identifications be admitted, that family was indeed highly favoured. It gave to the Kingdom of heaven a father, a mother, and three sons, of whom two were Apostles.

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