JERUSALEM
alluded
to
in
the
epitaph
ot
the
donor,
Nicanor,
recently-
discovered
at
Jerusalem.
5.
Fiom
Alexander
the
Great
to
the
Maccabees.
—
By
the
battle
of
Issus
(b.c.
333)
Alexander
the
Great
be-
came
master
of
Palestine;
and
the
Persian
suzerainty,
under
which
the
Jews
had
enjoyed
protection
and
freedom
to
follow
their
own
rites,
came
to
an
end.
Alexander's
death
was
the
signal
for
the
long
and
com-plicated
struggle
between
the
Seleucids
and
thePtolemys,
between
whom
Jerusalem
passed
more
than
once.
One
result
of
the
foreign
Influences
thus
brought
to
bear
on
the
city
was
the
establishment
ot
institutions
hitherto
unknown,
such
as
a
gymnasium.
This
leaven
of
Greek
customs,
and,
we
cannot
doubt,
of
Greek
religion
also,
was
disquieting
to
those
concerned
for
the
maintenance
of
Deuteronomic
purity,
and
the
unrest
was
fanned
into
revolt
in
168,
when
Antiochus
Epiphanes
set
himself
to
destroy
the
Jewish
religion.
The
dese-cration
of
the
Temple,
and
the
attempt
to
force
the
Jews
to
sacrifice
to
pagan
deities
(1
Mac
1.
2),
led
to
the
rebellion
headed
by
the
Maccabsan
family,
wherein,
after
many
vicissitudes,
the
short-lived
Hasmonaean
dynasty
was
established
at
Jerusalem.
Internal
dis-sensions
wrecked
the
family.
To
settle
a
squabble
as
to
the
successor
of
Alexander
Jannaeus,
the
Roman
power
was
called
in.
Pompey
besieged
Jerusalem,
and
profaned
the
Temple,
which
was
later
pillaged
by
Crassus
;
and
in
b.c.
47
the
Hasmonaeaus
were
superseded
by
the
Idumaean
dynasty
of
the
Herods,
their
founder
Antipater
being
established
as
ruler
of
Palestine
in
recognition
of
his
services
to
Julius
Caesar.
6.
Herod
the
Great.
—
Herod
the
Great
and
his
brother
Phasael
succeeded
their
father
in
b.c.
43,
and
in
40
Herod
became
governor
of
Judaea.
After
a
brief
exile,
owing
to
the
usurpation
of
the
Hasmonaean
Antigonus,
he
returned,
and
commenced
to
rebuild
Jerusalem
on
a
scale
of
grandeur
such
as
had
never
been
known
since
Solomon.
Among
his
works,
which
we
can
only
cata-logue
here,
were
the
royal
palace;
the
three
towers
—
Hippicus,
Phasaelus
(named
after
his
brother),
and
Antonia;
a
theatre;
and,
above
all,
the
Temple.
Of
these
structures
nothing
remains,
so
far
as
is
known,
of
the
palace
or
the
theatre,
or
the
Hippicus
tower:
the
base
of
Phasaelus,
commonly
called
David's
tower,
is
incorporated
with
the
citadel;
large
fragments
of
the
tower
Antonia
remain
incorporated
in
the
barracks
and
other
buildings
of
the
so-called
Via
Dolorosa,
the
street
which
leads
through
the
city
from
the
St.
Stephen's
gate,
north
of
the
Temple
enclosure:
while
of
the
Temple
itself
much
remains
in
the
substructures,
and
probably
much
more
would
be
found
were
excavation
possible.
See
Temple.
7
.
From
the
time
of
Christ
to
the
destruction
of
Jeru-salem.
—
The
events
in
the
life
of
Christ,
in
so
far
as
they
affect
Jerusalem,
are
the
only
details
of
interest
known
to
us
for
the
years
succeeding
the
death
of
Herod
in
B.C.
4.
These
we
need
not
dwell
upon
here,
but
a
word
may
fitly
be
spoken
regarding
the
central
problem
of
Jerusalem
topography,
the
site
of
the
Holy
Sepulchre.
The
authenticity
of
the
traditional
site
falls
at
once,
if
it
lie
inside
the
north
wall
of
Jerusalem
as
it
was
in
Christ's
time,
for
Christ
suffered
and
was
buried
without
the
walls.
But
this
is
precisely
what
cannot
be
determined,
as
the
line
of
the
wall,
wherever
it
may
have
been,
is
densely
covered
with
houses;
and
it
is
very
doubtful
whether
such
fragments
of
wall
as
have
from
time
to
time
been
found
in
digging
foundations
have
anything
to
do
with
each
other,
or
with
the
city
rampart.
A
•priori
it
does
not
seem
probable
that
the
traditional
site
of
the
Holy
Sepulchre
should
have
been
without
the
walls,
for
it
assumes
that
these
made
a
deep
re-entrant
angle
for
which
the
nature
of
the
ground
offers
no
justification,
and
which
would
be
singularly
foolish
strategically.
The
identification
of
the
site
can-not
with
certainty
be
traced
back
earlier
than
Helena;
and,
though
she
visited
Jerusalem
as
early
as
326,
yet
JERUSALEM
it
must
not
be
forgotten
that
in
endeavouring
then
to
find
the
tomb
of
Christ,
without
documents
to
guide
her,
she
was
in
as
hopeless
a
position
as
a
man
who
under
similiar
circumstances
should
at
the
present
year
endeavour
to
find
the
tomb
of
Shakespeare,
if
that
hap-pened
to
be
unknown.
Indeed,
Helena
was
even
worse
off
than
the
hypothetical
investigator,
for
the
population,
and
presumably
the
tradition,
have
been
continuous
in
Stratford-on-Avon,
which
certainly
was
not
the
case
with
Jerusalem
from
a.d.
30
to
326.
A
fortiori
these
remarks
apply
to
the
rival
sites
that
in
more
recent
years
have
been
suggested.
The
so-called
'Gordon's
Calvary'
and
similar
fantastic
identifications
we
can
dismiss
at
once
with
the
remark
that
the
arguments
in
their
favour
are
fatuous;
that
powerful
argu-ments
can
be
adduced
against
them;
that
they
can-not
even
claim
the
minor
distinction
of
having
been
hallowed
by
the
devotion
of
sixteen
centuries;
and
that,
in
short,
they
are
entirely
unworthy
of
the
smallest
consideration.
The
only
documents
nearly
contem-porary
with
the
crucifixion
and
entombment
are
the
Gospels,
which
supply
no
data
sufiftcient
for
the
identi-fication
of
the
scenes
of
these
events.
Except
in
the
highly
improbable
event
of
an
inscription
being
at
some
time
found
which
shall
identify
them,
we
may
rest
in
the
certainty
that
the
exact
sites
never
have
been,
and
never
will
be,
identified.
In
A.D.
35,
Pontius
Pilate
was
recalled;
Agrippa
(41-44
A.D.)
built
an
outer
wall,
the
line
of
which
is
not
known
with
certainty,
on
the
north
side
of
the
city,
and
under
his
rule
Jerusalem
grew
and
prospered.
His
son
Agrippa
built
a
palace,
and
in
a.d.
64
finished
the
Temple
courts.
In
66
the
Jews
endeavoured
to
revolt
against
the
Roman
yoke,
and
brought
on
themselves
the
final
destruction
which
was
involved
in
the
great
siege
and
fall
of
Jerusalem
in
a.d.
70.
8.
From
the
destruction
of
Jerusalem
to
the
Arab
conquest.
—
'The
events
following
must
be
more
briefly
enumerated.
In
134
the
rebellion
of
the
Jews
under
Bar
Cochba
was
crushed
by
Hadrian,
and
the
last
traces
of
Judaism
extinguished
from
the
city,
which
was
rebuilt
as
a
pagan
Roman
town
under
the
name
of
JE&a,
Capi-tolina.
By
333
the
Jews
had
acquired
the
right
of
visiting
annually
and
lamenting
over
the
pierced
stone
on
which
their
altar
had
been
erected.
Under
Constan-tine,
Christianity
was
established,
and
the
great
flood
ot
pilgrimage
began.
Julian
in
362
attempted
to
rebuild
the
Temple;
some
natural
phenomenon
—
^in-geniously
explained
as
the
explosion
of
a
forgotten
store
of
naphtha,
such
as
was
found
some
years
ago
in
another
part
of
the
city
—
prevented
him.
In
460
the
Empress
Eudocia
retired
to
Jerusalem
and
repaired
the
walls;
sh4
built
a
church
over
the
Pool
of
Siloam,
which
was
discovered
by
excavation
some
years
ago.
In
532
Justinian
erected
important
buildings,
fragments
of
which
remain
incorporated
with
the
mosque;
but
these
and
other
Christian
buildings
were
ruined
in
614
by
the
destroying
king
ChosroSs
ii.
A
short
breathing
space
was
allowed
the
Christians
after
this
storm,
and
then
the
young
strength
of
Islam
swept
over
them.
In
637
Omar
conquered
Jerusalem
after
a
four
months'
siege.
9.
From
the
Arab
conquest
to
the
present
day.
—
Under
the
comparatively
easy
rule
of
the
Omeyyad
Califs,
Christians
did
not
suffer
severely;
though
excluded
from
the
Temple
area
(where
'Abd
el-Melek
built
his
beautiful
dome
in
688),
they
were
free
to
use
the
Basilica
of
the
Holy
Sepulchre.
This,
however,
could
not
last
under
the
fanatical
Fatimites,
or
the
Seljuks
who
succeeded
them;
and
the
sufferings
ot
the
Christians
led
to
that
extraordinary
series
of
piratical
invasions,
commonly
called
the
Crusades,
by
which
Palestine
was
harried
tor
about
a
hundred
years,
and
the
undying
tradition
of
which
will
retard
indefinitely
the
final
triumph
ot
Christianity
over
the
Arab
race.
The
country
was
happily
rid
of
the
degraded
and
degrading
Latin
