KING'S GARDEN

completed about B.C. 550. Some minor insertions may have been made later. While this is so, there are some things which point to an earher date lor the greater part of the work. The purpose of the author to keep his people from the mistakes of the past Is Intelligible only at a time when the avoidance of the mistakes was still possible, — that is, before the fall of Jerusalem. We find also some phrases which indieate that the final catastrophe had not yet come. The recurrence of the phrase 'until this day' (1 K 88; of. 9^1 12", 2 K 2» 8^ 16') is one of these Indications. It is, of course, possible that all these belong to the older sources from which the author drew, but this hardly seems probable. On these grounds it is now generally held that the substance of the book was compiled about B.C. 600, by a writer who was anxious to enforce the lesson of the Deuteronomic reform while there was yet hope. This first edition extended to 2 K 232^ or 28. About fifty years later an author living in the Exile, and who sympathized with the main purpose of the book, com-pleted it in substantially its present form. The theory receives some confirmation from the double scheme of chronology which runs through the book. As has been shown in the formula quoted above, there is a series of data concerning the length of each king's reign, and also a series of synchronisms, according to which each king's accession is brought into relation with the era of his contemporary in the other kingdom. The two series are not always consistent — a state of things which is best accounted for on the theory that one was the work of one author, the other the work of the other.

5. Text. — The text of the Books of Kings has not been transmitted with the care which has been shown in some parts of the OT. The LXX shows that early copies did not always agree in their wording or in the order of the paragraphs. In some cases the LXX has a better reading. But the differences are not such as to affect the meaning in any essential point.

H. P. Smith.

KING'S GARDEN (2 K 25S Jer 39* 52', Neh Si').— This garden was clearly near the 'gate of the two walls' which was near the Pool of Siloam, and it was in aU probability just outside the walls, being irrigated by overflow water from the Siloam tunnel and pool, just as the land in this situation is treated to-day. Indeed, the garden may have covered much the same area as is now cultivated as irrigated vegetable garden by the women of SilwSn. See Kidron [Brook of], Siloam E. W. G. Masterman.

KING'S POOL.— Neh 2», prob. identical with Pool of Siloam. See Siloam.

KING'S VALE.— Gn 14" (AV king's dale). See Shaveh.

KIR. — An unidentified place, subject in the 8th and 7th cents, to Assyria. Amos (1'), according to the present Hebrew text, predicted that the Aramaeans should be carried captive to Kir. In 9' he declares that Jahweh brought them from Kir. It is said in 2 K 16' that Tiglath-pileser carried the people of Damascus captive to Kir, while in Is 22' Kir is mentioned in connexion with Elam as furnishing soldiers to the Assyrian army which fought against Israel. It has been identified with Kur, a river flowing into the Caspian Sea; with Cvropolis; with the Syrian province of Cyr-rhestica; with Cyrene; with Kurenia in Media; with Kuris, north of Aleppo; with Koa of Ezk 23^3, which has been supposed to be the same as the Gulium of the Bab.-Assyr. inscriptions, which possessed a high civiUza-tion as early as B.C. 3000. In reaUty nothing certain is known of the locality of Kir. George A. Barton.

KIR (of Moab).— Coupled with Ar of Moab (Is 15i), possibly identical with it. Following the Targum, Kir of Moab has long been identified with the modern Kerak, a place of great importance in the times of the Crusades. Kerak is situated on a lofty spur between

KIRIATH-JEARIM

the Wady d-Kerak and the Wady 'Ain Franji, about 4000 feet above the Dead Sea level. The hills behind rise much higher, so that it is commanded on every side by higher ground, which explains 2 K S^-". It was surrounded by a wall of great thickness, and there are remains of ancient rock-hewn cisterns. The gates were to be reached only through long tunnels in the soUd rock. C. H. W. Johns.

KIRAMA (1 Es 5M) = Ezr 2» Ramah. KIB-HARESETH (Is 16'), Kir-haraseth (2 K 3f^ AV [pausal form)), Kir-heres (Jer 48si- »), Kir-haresh (Is 16" AV [pausal form]). — A place of great strength and importance in Moab; generaUy regarded as identical with Kir of Moab (wh. see). The LXX and Vulg. take these names as phrases, and translate them on some more or less fanciful Hebrew etymology. The Targum on Isaiah renders Kerak tokpehon, which suggests that haraseth may be connected with the Assyrian hurshu, 'a cliff,' etc., but the word may be Moabite or Canaanite, and seems to occur in ' Harosheth of the Gentiles' (Jg 4?- "■ "). The modern Kasr harasha, 35 minutes' walk above Dera'a, preserves a similar title. C. H. W. Johns.

KIRIATH is the st. constr. of Kiriah, the complement of which, -jearim, seems to have fallen out in Jos 18^8, from its resemblance to the word for 'cities' which foUows. Therefore we ought probably to read Kiriath-jearim, a reading supported by the LXX. W. Ewinq.

KIRIATHAin.— 1. A town E. of the Jordan, in the disputed territory between Moab and Reuben, placed by the Onomaslicon 10 Roman miles W. of Madeba (Gn 14S, Nu 328', jos 13", Jer 4828, Ezk 25'); un-identified. 2. A town in Naphtali (1 Ch 6'8), called Kartan in Jos 2182. Yf. Ewinq.

KIRIATH -ARB A is used as a name for Hebron (wh. see) in Gn 232 etc. Only in Gn 352' and Neh 1126 is Arba' written with the article. The city may have been so called as the seat of a confederacy between four men or tribes, or the name may be=Tetrapolis, 'the city of four quarters.' The Heb. text explains it as 'the city of Arba,' 'the greatest man among the Anakim' (Jos 14'8 RV), or 'the father of Anak' (IS" 21"). In the first passage LXX reads ' the city Argob, the metropoUs of the Anakim': in the second 'the city Arbok, metropolis,' etc. Perhaps in the last two, therefore, we should read 'em, 'mother,' i.e. 'mother- city,' instead of 'abi, 'father.' W. Ewing. KIRIATH-ARIM (Ezr 22=).— See Kiriath-jearim. EIRIATH-BAAL.— See Kiriath-jearim. KIKIATH-HUZOTH.— A spot unidentified, appar-ently between Ar-moab and Bamoth-baal (Nu 2289, cf. VV.86- ■»). It may be Kweiat, S. of Jebel 'AtmrUs.

W. EwiNG. KIRIATH -JEARIM ('city of forests').— One of the cities of the Gibeonites (Jos 9") , occupied by the Danltes (Jg 18'2), on the border between Judah and Benjamin (Jos 158 18"). From there David brought up the ark (2 S 62, 1 Ch 135, 2 Ch V). Its older name appears to have been Kiriath-baal (Jos 158") or Baalah (Jos IS'- '», 1 Ch 138). It is also mentioned as Baale Judah (2 S 62), and through a textual error as Kiriath-arim (Ezr 228; cf. Neh 728). It wag probably, Uke Kedesh, Gezer, etc., an old Canaanite ' high place.' In Jer 262ii it is mentioned as the home of Uriah the prophet, the son of Sheraaiah. See also 1 Ch 28«- ^ and 1 Es 5'» [in this last passage it is called Kariathiarius] . The site of this important ancient sanctuary and frontier town has been very generally accepted, since the 5th cent, a.d., as close to that of the modern Kuriel d-'Enab, a flourishing little village on the high-road from Jaffa to Jerusalem, about 9 miles from the latter. The ancient remains are to the W. of the village, but a handsome Crusading Church in the village itself has recently been restored. Kuriet d-'Enab is generally known as Abu Ghosh, after a family

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