PAROSH
PAROSH.
—
The
name
of
a
post-exilic
family
(Ezr
2^
=
Neh
7«)
Ezr
8^
lO^*,
Neh
3^5
10".
The
Gr.
form
FhoTOS
is
adopted
in
1
Es
5'
S'"
9«.
FAROTTSIA.
—
The
'appearance,'
Advent,
or
Second
Coming
of
Christ
at
the
end
of
'
this
age
'
in
order
to
establish
His
Kingdom.
1.
Origin
of
the
expectation.
—
The
Messianic
interpretation
given
to
Jesus
by
the
Apostles
was
essentially
eschatological.
No
one
of
them
understood
Him
to
be
engaged
in
the
work
of
establishing
the
Kingdom
of
God
during
the
period
culminating
in
His
death.
He
was
the
Christ
in
the
sense
that
(a)
He
was
anointed
(empowered)
by
God
to
deliver
men;
(6)
He
was
gathering
and
preparing
men
for
His
Kingdom;
(c)
He
died
and
rose
to
manifest
the
justice
and
love
of
God,
and
thus
save
those
who
accepted
Him
as
Christ;
(d)
He
would
return
to
conquer
Satan,
judge
both
the
living
and
the
dead,
and
establish
His
Kingdom
either
in
heaven
or
on
a
renewed
earth.
How
far
we
are
to
believe
that
this
view
was
held
or
countenanced
by
Jesus
Himself
will
be
determined
by
the
view
taken
as
to
the
authorship
of
Mk
13
and
other
apocalyptic
sections
of
the
Synoptic
Gospels.
At
this
point
Christain
scholars
are
divided
into
three
groups:
first,
those
who
believe
that
Jesus
was
thoroughly
in
sympathy
with
the
eschatological
views
of
His
con-temporaries;
second,
those
who
hold
that
He
rejected
those
views,
and
that
the
eschatological
sayings
attrib-uted
to
Him
are
the
result
of
reading
back
into
His
word
the
admitted
eschatological
expectation
of
the
Apostles
and
the
early
Church
as
a
whole.
There
seems
little
likelihood
at
present
of
agreement
between
these
two
groups,
for
the
reason
that
the
second
group
uses
as
critical
criteria
dogmatic
or
highly
subjective
presupposi-tions
concerning
Jesus.
The
nearest
approach
to
a
compromise
view
is
to
be
found
in
the
position
of
the
third
group,
who
hold
that
Jesus
to
some
extent
utilized
the
eschatology
of
His
day,
but
that
His
references
have
been
developed
and
made
specific
by
the
Evangelists.
However
these
larger
questions
may
be
answered,
an
impartial
criticism
and
exegesis
can
hardly
deny
that
Jesus
leferred
to
His
future
in
terms
which,
if
interpreted
literally,
would
mean
His
return
in
judgment
(cf
.
particu-larly
Mk
14"-",
Mt
23"-s8).
As
to
the
exact
time
at
which
He
expected
His
return
we
have
no
information,
except
such
sayings
as
Mk
S^'-m
[Mt
l&»-^«,
Lk
9^3-"
show
influence
of
Apostolic
interpretation]
and
Lk
17^2.
2
.
Expectation
in
the
early
Church
.
—
The
elements
in
the
expectation
of
the
Parousia
found
in
the
Gospels
and
in
the
Epistles
can
be
formulated
without
serious
difficulty.
It
was
expected
within
the
lifetime
of
the
writers
(except
2
P
33-»):
1
Th
i^^,
1
Co
IS"'-;
or
im-mediately:
Ja
58,
Ph
45,
Ro
13",
1
Co
7'^
1
P
4'.
The
exact
day
is,
however,
not
known
(1
Th
5^),
but
will
be
preceded
by
sorrows
and
the
appearance
of
Antichrist
(2
Th
2»)
and
the
conversion
of
the
Jews
(Ro
ll^s-
^).
The
order
of
events
awaited
is
the
descent
of
Jesus
with
His
angels
from
the
upper
heavens
to
the
lower;
the
sounding
of
the
trumpet
and
the
voice
of
the
archangel
which
will
summon
the
dead
from
Sheol;
the
giving
to
the
saints
of
the
body
of
the
resurrection;
the
catching
up
of
the
living
saints,
who
have
been
changed
in
the
twinkling
of
an
eye,
to
meet
Jesus
and
the
risen
saints
in
the
air;
the
general
judg-ment
of
both
living
and
dead;
the
establishment
of
the
Messianic
Kingdom,
which,
after
a
period
of
struggle,
is
to
be
victorious
over
the
kingdom
of
Satan;
and
finally
the
fixing
of
the
eternal
supremacy
of
God.
Among
certain
Christians
this
view
was
further
elab-orated,
so
that
the
appearance
of
Christ
in
the
sky
was
followed
by
the
resurrection
of
the
martyrs,
a
thousand
years
of
peace,
during
which
Satan
was
to
be
boimd,
then
the
conquest
of
Satan,
the
general
resurrec-tion,
and
the
establishment
of
the
final
conditions
of
eternity.
This
latter
view,
however,
although
popular
in
the
2nd
cent.,
does
not
appear
in
the
NT
except
in
PARTRIDGE
Rev
202-'
(see
Millennium).
It
easily
passed
over
into
the
sensuous
chiliastic
views
which
were
finally
rejected
from
the
main
current
of
Christian
thought
largely
through
the
influence
of
Augustine,
but
which
have
continued
to
exist
among
different
sects
or
groups
of
Christians.
3.
Various
identifications
of
the
Parousia.
—
(a)
With
Christ's
resurrection.
Such
a
view,
however,
disregards
many
of
the
elements
of
the
NT
expectation,
and
has
never
been
widely
accepted.
(6)
The
coming
of
the
Holy
Spirit
at
Pentecost
—
a
view
commonly
held
by
those
who
reject
the
literalistic
interpretation
of
the
apocalyptic
elements
of
the
NT,
and
identify
the
influence
of
the
risen
Jesus
in
the
world
with
the
Holy
Spirit.
This
view
makes
such
passages
as
Jn
14^3
and
16'«-
the
exegetical
point
of
approach
to
the
entire
question,
(c)
The
destruction
of
Jerusalem.
This
is
generally
combined
with
(6)
and
said
to
be
forecast
in
Mk
13
and
14M-S3.
(d)
The
theory
of
the
successive
comings
of
the
Christ
in
judgment.
Thus
various
historical
crises,
such
as
the
destruction
of
Jerusalem
and
the
fall
of
the
Roman
Empire,
are
regarded
as
due
to
the
immediate
influence
of
the
Christ
and
as
a
part
of
the
new
dis-pensation
of
the
Spirit,
(e)
The
death
of
the
believer
—
a
view
exegetically
untenable.
(/)
The
historical-
critical
view
sees
in
the
expectations
of
the
NT
Christianity
survivals
of
Jewish
eschatology.
Such
a
view
does
not
deny
an
element
of
truth
in
the
expectation,
but
regards
the
belief
as
due
to
the
attachment
to
Jesus
of
Jewish
expectations
(cf.
Eth.
Enoch
48)
now
seen
to
be
im-possible
of
realization.
The
view
probably
most
generally
held
at
the
present
time
involves
elements
from
several
of
these
specific
explanations,
and
is
to
the
effect
that,
while
the
Apostles
doubtless
expected
the
eschatological
cataclysm
to
occur
in
their
day,
they
saw
the
future
in
prophetic
rather
than
historical
perspective.
As
a
consequence
the
Second
Coming
with
its
attendant
events
is
still
to
be
expected.
At
different
times
men
have
endeavoured
by
the
interpretation
of
the
Book
of
Daniel
to
deter-mine
the
precise
date
at
which
it
will
occur;
but
among
those
who
stiU
await
a
literal
appearance
of
Christ
in
the
air
it
is
usual
to
regard
the
Parousia
as
likely
to
occur
immediately,
or
at
any
time
during
an
indefinite
future
period.
Shaileb
Mathews.
PARSHANDATHA.—
The
eldest
of
the
sons
of
Haman,
put
to
death
by
the
Jews
(Est
9').
PARTHIANS.
—
The
founders
of
a
powerful
dynasty
in
Persia
which
overthrew
the
yoke
of
the
Syrian
Seleucidas
b.c.
250,
and
maintained
itself
against
all
external
enemies
till
a.d.
226,
defying
even
the
Romans.
They
came
from
northern
Iran,
and
their
language
or
dialect
greatly
affected
the
cultivated
speech
of
the
empire,
which
was
known
as
Pahlavi
during
their
rSgime.
But
the
exact
form
of
the
language
of
the
Jews
or
proselytes
who
came
to
Jerusalem
from
Parthia,
referred
to
in
Ac
2»,
cannot
be
ascertained.
J.
F.
M'Cuedy.
PARTRIDGE
(qSre',
1
S
26'",
Jer
17")-—
Two
kinds
of
partridge
abound
in
Palestine.
The
chukar
or
rock
partridge
(Caccabis
chukar)
is
the
commonest
of
game
birds.
Its
cry
may
be
heard
all
over
the
land,
and
large
coveys
may
be
encountered
in
the
autumn.
It
is
distinguished
by
its
red
legs.
It
is
excellent
eating.
Hey's
sand
partridge
(.Amm^perdix
heyi)
occurs
in
enormous
numbers
around
the
Dead
Sea.
It
is
probably
the
partridge
referred
to
in
1
S
26^°:
its
short
flights
from
place
to
place
when
hunted;
its
hiding,
trusting
to
its
invisibility
on
account
of
its
colour
being
so
like
the
environment;
its
quick
run
from
danger
before
taking
to
wing;
and
its
flnal
capture
when
too
wearied
to
fly
—
must
form
a
very
suitable
image
of
a
poor
human
fugitive
remorselessly
pursued.
The
reference
in
Jer
l?"
is
hard
to
understand;
it
may
perhaps
refer
to
the
fact
that
when
disturbed
from
their
nests
such
birds
sometimes
never
return.
In
Sir
11™
the
heart
of
a
