TAXES, TAXING

TAXES, TAXING.— See Kiua, 2 (5), Publican, TBiBnTE, QuiRiNius; of. also p. 559''.

TEACHER, TEACHING.— See Education.

TEBAH.— A ' son' of Nahor (Gn 22*'). See Tibhath.

TEBALIAH.— A Merarite gatekeeper (1 Ch 26").

TEBETH.— See Time.

TEHAPHNEHES (Ezk 30>8).— See Tahpanhbs.

TEHINNAH.— The 'father' of Ir-nahash (1 Ch 4i2).

TEILTREE.- Is 6is, AV mistranslationof ' terebinth' (wh. see, and cf. art. Oak (1)).

TEKEL. — See Mene Menb Tekel Uphabsin.

TEKOA (2 Ch lie etc.); Tekoah, 2 S 142- *■ s [AV], 1 Mac 953 [RV; AV Tliecoe]).—A fortress city on the edge of the wilderness to which it gave its name (2 Ch 20^"). From here came the ' wise woman ' sent by Joab to plead for Absalom (2S 142<- »); Rehoboamfortifiedit(2Ch ll*), and apparently it continued to be a fortress (Jer 6'); Amos 'was among the herdmen of Tekoa' (Am li). Tekoa is mentioned also in LXX in Jos 15", and in the genealogies in 1 Ch 4»-s. The site is now Khurbet Teqa'a, an extended but shapeless mass of ruins crowning the summit of a hill (2790 ft. above sea level), 5 miles S. of Bethlehem. It is on the extreme edge of the cultivated lands. Bethlehem, the Mt. of Olives, and Nebi SamvM (Mizpah) are all visible from it.

E. W. G. Masterman.

TEL-ABIB (perh. 'hill of corn').— A place on the Chebar (Ezk S'^) ; site unknown.

TELAH.— An Ephraimite (1 Ch 7^).

TELADB ('the lambs').— The place at which Saul concentrated his forces, and numbered his fighting men before his campaign against the Amalekites (1 S 15'). The LXX reads Gilgal for Telaim, and Josephus {Ant. VI. vii. 2) also makes Gilgal the place of assembly. A more suitable locality for the place of assembly would, however, be in the Negeb, or South; and here lay Telem (Jos IS"), with which Telaim is probably identical.

TELASSAB ('Asshur's hill or mound').— This city is mentioned with Gozan, Haran, and Rezeph, and is spoken of as a place inhabited by 'the children of Eden' (2 K 19'^ Is 37'2). The Assyrian inscriptions apparently mention two places so called, one being TU-ashshuri, mentioned by Tiglath-pileser ni., which had a renowned temple dedicated to Merodach, and is stated to have been a Babylonian foundation. The other, written TU-aslmrri, is referred to by Esarhaddon as having been conquered by him (the people of Mihranu, he seems to say, called it Pitanu). It was inhabited by the people of Barnaku or Parnaku — a name which Delitzsch points out as similar to the Parnach of Nu 3426. This TU-aahurri is supposed to have lain near the land of Mitanni (Upper Mesopotamia), which would find support If Mihranu be connected with the Mehru mentioned by Tukulti-Ninib (-Nirig) 1. T. G. Pinches.

TELEM. — 1. A gatekeeper who had married a foreign wife (Ezr 10"); called in 1 Es 9® Tolbanes; perhaps the same as Talmon of Neh 12». 2. See Telaim.

TEL-HABSHA. — A Babylonian town of unknown site (Ezr 2", Neh 7"); called in 1 Es 5» Thelersas.

TELL.— See Tale.

TELMELAH ('hill of salt').— A Babylonian town of unknown site (Ezr 2", Neh 7"); called in 1 Es 5" Thermeleth.

TEMA.— In Gn 25's (1 Ch l'»), a son of Ishmael. The country and people meant are still represented by the same name — the modern Taima, a large oasis about 200 miles S.E. of the head of the Gulf of 'Akabah, and the same distance due N. of Medina in W. Arabia. It was an important community in ancient times, men-tioned in Assyr, annals of the 8th cent. B.C., and later

TEMPERANCE

inhabited In part by Aramaeans, who have left inscrip-tions. It was noted for its caravan traffic (Job 6'», Is 21"), as might be expected from its position on the great trade routes. J. F. McCurdy.

TEMAH.— A family of Nethlnim (Ezr 2^, Neh 7«) = 1 Es 5« Thomei.

TEMAN.— A tribe (and district) of Edom, whose im-portance is indicated by its eponym being the eldest sou of the eldest son (Eliphaz) of Esau (Gn 36"- ■'; cf. v. «), and by its being taken along with Bozrah (wh. see) to represent the whole land of Edom (Am l'^; cf. Ob »). Ezk 25'3 implies that Edom stretches from Teman to Dedan, from which we infer that the former lay in the north-east of the territory claimed by Edom, that is, to the S.E. of Moab. Its inhabitants were renowned for wisdom (Jer 49'), and the chief of Job's counsellors was Eliphaz 'the Temanite' (Job 2").

J. F. McCURDY.

TEMENI.— The 'sou' of Ashhur (1 Ch 4^).

TEMPERANCE.— 1. In the RV 'temperance' is the tr. of the Gr. word enkrateia, the root-meaning of which is 'power over oneself,' 'self-mastery.' It is a comprehensive virtue, and on this account 'self- control,' the tr. of RVm, is to be preferred (Ac 242s, Gal 5=3, 2 P 1«). The corresponding adjective is found only in Tit l\ and the verb only in 1 Co 7" 925. The negative form of the adjective is translated 'without self-control' (2 Ti 3»), and of the noun 'excess' (Mt 232^), and ' incontinency ' (1 Co 7>). The RV tr. another Gr. word (mphalios) 'temperate' in 1 Ti 32- ", Tit 22; its root-meaning points to the avoidance of intemperance in the form of drunkenness, but in actual usage it condemns all forms of self-indul-gence. This extension of its significance must be remembered in expounding the passages in which the corresponding verb is found, for the RV always tr. it (nephein) 'to be sober' (1 Th 5"- ', 2 Ti 4', 1 P I's 4' 68).

2. From the philosophical point of view, ' self-control ' is mastery over the passions; it is the virtue which holds the appetites in check ; the rational will has power to regulate conduct without being unduly swayed by sensuous appetites. From the NT point of view the grace of ' self-control ' is the result of the Holy Spirit's indwelling; it is the Spirit-controlled personality alone that is 'strengthened with power' (Eph 3", cf. 5") to control rebellious desires and to resist the allurements of tempting pleasures.

3. The N'T passages in which reference Is made to this virtue form an instructive study. To Felix, with an adulteress by his side, St. Paul discoursed of 'self- control,' directing his stern condemnation against the vice of unchastity (cf. 1 Co 7'- '). But to every form of 'excess' (Mt 232*) it is directly opposed. In 1 Ti 3' 'not given over to wine' (paroinos, AV ' brawler,' cf. RVm) balances 'temperate' (v.2, cf. v.*), and from this chapter it is plain that the Apostle regards violent quarrelling' (v.s), false and reckless speech (v.'), self- conceit (v.*), greed of filthy lucre (v.*), as well as fondness for much wine (v.'), as manifold forms of intemperance by whose means men ' fall into reproach and the snare of the devil ' (v. ').

4. 'Self-control,' in its widest sense, as including mastery over all tempers, appetites, and passions, has a prominent place In two NT lists of the Christian graces. In 2 P 1", faith is regarded as the germ of every virtue; it lays hold of the 'divine power' which makes possible the life of godliness (v.^). The evolu-tion of faith in 'manliness, knowledge, self-control' is the reward of its 'diligent' culture (v.'). This 'self-control,' as Principal Iverach says, 'grows out of knowledge, it is using Christian knowledge for the guidance of life' (The Other Side of Greatness, p. 110). In Gal 52s, 'self-control' closes the list of the graces which are all 'the fruit of the Spirit,' just as 'drunken-

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