TEMPLE
as
before.
Now,
however
scantily
the
former
may
have
been
furnished
at
the
first,
we
should
expect
that
after
the
introduction
of
the
Priests'
Code
under
Ezra,
the
prescriptions
therein
contained
for
the
furniture
of
the
Tabernacle
would
be
carried
out
to
the
letter.
And
this
is
indeed
to
a
large
extent
what
we
find.
Thus
only
one
golden
lampstand
illuminated
'the
holy
place'
(1
Mac
121)
instead
of
ten
in
the
former
Temple.
The
.
table
of
shewbread
succeeded
'
the
altar
of
cedar
'
of
1
K
620
(for
which
see
§
5
above).
The
golden
altar
of
incense,
which
belongs
to
a
later
stratum
of
P
(Tabeh-NACLE,
§
6
(c)),
was
most
probably
introduced
at
a
somewhat
late
date,
since
pseudo-Hecatseus
in
the
3rd
cent.
B.C.,
quoted
by
Josephus
(c.
Apion.
[ed.
Niese]
1.
198
f.),
knows
only
of
'
an
altar
and
a
candlestick
both
of
gold,
and
in
weight
two
talents'
—
the
former
presu-mably
the
altar
or
table
of
shewbread.
There
is
no
reason,
however,
to
question
the
presence
of
the
incense
altar
by
the
second
century,
as
attested
by
1
Mac
1'^-
(cf.
4"),
according
to
which
Antiochus
Epiphanes
robbed
the
Temple
of
'the
golden
altar
and
the
candlestick
of
light
.
.
.
and
the
table
of
shewbread,'
where
the
first
of
these
must
be
identified
with
the
altar
in
question
(see,
against
the
scepticism
of
Wellhausen
and
others,
the
evidence
collected
by
SchQrer,
GJ
V^
ii.
[1907]
342
f
.
[
=
3
285f.]).
In
one
point
of
cardinal
importance
the
glory
of
the
second
house
was
less
than
that
of
the
first.
No
attempt
was
made
to
construct
another
ark
;'
the
most
holy
place'
was
empty.
A
splendid
curtain
or
veil
replaced
the
partition
wall
between
the
two
divisions
of
the
sanctuary,
and
is
mentioned
among
the
spoils
carried
off
by
Antiochus
(1
Mac
1^).
In
another
way
the
second
Temple
was
distinguished
from
the
first;
it
had
two
courts
in
place
of
one,
an
inner
and
an
outer
(438.
i«
9"),
as
de-manded
by
Ezekiel.
This
prophet's
further
demand,
that
the
laity
should
be
entirely
excluded
from
the
inner
court,
was
not
carried
out,
as
is
evident
from
the
experi-ence
of
Alexander
Jannseus.
Having
given
offence
to
the
people
while
officiating
at
the
altar
on
the
occasion
of
the
Feast
of
Tabernacles,
he
was
pelted
with
the
citrons
which
they
carried.
Alexander
in
consequence
had
the
altar
and
Temple
railed
off
to
keep
the
worshippers
henceforth
at
a
more
respectful
distance
(Jos.
Ant,
xiii.
xiii.
5).
The
altar
was
no
longer
of
brass
but
of
unhewn
stone
(1
Mac
4"),
as
required
by
Ex
20^*,
and
attested
by
the
earlier
writer
above
cited
(ap.
Jos.
c.
Apion.,
I.e.),
who
further
assigns
to
it
the
same
dimensions
as
the
Chronicler
gives
to
the
brazen
altar
of
Solomon
(§
6
(6)).
In
B.C.
168,
Antiochus
rv.,
as
already
stated,
spoiled
and
desecrated
the
Temple,
and
by
a
crowning
act
of
sacrilege
set
up
a
small
altar
to
Zeus
Olympius
on
the
altar
of
burnt-offering.
Three
years
later,
Judas
the
Maccabee,
after
re-capturing
Jerusalem,
made
new
sacred
furniture
—
altar
of
incense,
table
of
shewbread,
the
seven-
branched
candlestick,
and
other
'new
holy
vessels.'
The
stones
of
the
polluted
altar
were
removed
and
others
substituted,
and
the
Temple
dedicated
anew
(1
Mac
4418.).
With
minor
alterations
and
additions,
chiefly
in
the
direction
of
making
the
Temple
hill-
stronger
against
attack,
the
Temple
remained
as
the
Maccabees
left
it
until
replaced
by
the
more
ambitious
edifice
of
Herod.
10.
If
only
for
the
sake
of
completeness,
a
brief
reference
must
be
made
at
this
point
to
two
other
temples
for
the
worship
of
J"
erected
by
Jewish
settlers
in
Egypt
during
the
period
covered
by
the
previous
section.
The
earlier
of
these
has
only
recently
come
to
light,
through
the
discovery
of
certain
Aramaic
papyri
on
the
island
of
Elephantine.
The
three
last,
published
by
Sachau
in
Drei
aram'dische
Papyr'>'-^'''^kunden
(2nd
ed.
1908),
describe
this
temple
to
Yahu
(Jahweh)
which
existed
at
Elephantine
before
Cambyses
Invaded
Egypt
in
B.C.
525,
and
had
been
destroyed
at
the
instigation
of
Egyptian
priests
in
B.C.
411.
It
was
probably
re-built
TEMPLE
soon
after
408.
The
story
of
the
other,
erected
at
Leontopolis
in
the
Delta
by
Onias,
son
of
the
Jewish
high
priest
of
the
same
name,
in
the
reign
of
Antiochus
iv.,
has
been
told
by
Josephus,
who
describes
it
as
a
replica,
'but
smaller
and
poorer,'
of
the
Temple
of
Zerubbabel
(.BJ
vii.
X.
2
fl.,
Ant.
xiir.
iii.
1
ff.).
This
description
has
recently
been
confirmed
by
the
excavation
of
the
site,
the
modern
Tel
el-Yehudiyeh,
by
Flinders
Petrle
(Petrie
and
Duncan,
Hyksos
and
Israelite
Cities,
1906,
19-27,
with
plans
and
models,
plates
xxiii.-xxv.);
not
the
least
interesting
feature
of
this
temple
in
partibus
infidelium
is
the
fact
that
it
seems
to
have
been
built
according
to
the
measurements
of
the
Tabernacle.
This
is
altogether
more
probable
than
the
view
expressed
by
Petrie,
that
Onias
copied
the
dimensions
of
the
Temple
of
Jerusalem
iop,
cit.
24).
11.
The
Temple
of
Herod.
—
It
was
in
the
eighteenth
year
of
his
reign
that
Herod
obtained
the
permission
of
his
suspicious
subjects
to
re-build
the
Temple
of
Zerub-babel.
The
Temple
proper
was
re-built
by
a
thousand
specially
trained
priests
within
the
space
of
eighteen
months;
the
rest
of
the
buildings
took
years
to
finish,
indeed
the
last
touches
were
given
only
six
or
seven
years
before
the
final
catastrophe
in
a.d.
70,
when
the
whole
was
destroyed
by
the
soldiers
of
Titus.
For
a
fuller
study
of
several
of
the
points
discussed
in
this
section,
see
the
present
writer's
articles
on
'Some
Problems
of
Herod's
Temple'
in
ExpT
xx.
[1908],
24
ff.
(o)
The
outer
court,
its
sise,
cloisters,
andgates.
—
It
is
ad-visable
in
this
case
to
reverse
the
order
of
study
adopted
for
the
first
Temple,
and
to
proceed
from
the
courts
to
the
Temple
proper.
In
this
way
we
start
from
the
existing
remains
of
Herod's
enterprise,
for
all
are
agreed
that
the
Haram
area
(see
above
§
2)
and
its
retaining
walls
are
in
the
main
the
work
of
Herod,
who
doubled
the
area
of
Zerubbabel's
courts
by
means
of
enormous
substructure
(Jos.
BJ
I.
xxi.
1).
There
are
good
grounds,
however,
for
believing
that,
as
left
by
Herod,
the
platform
stopped
at
a
point
a
little
beyond
the
Golden
Gate
in
the
eastern
wall,
its
northern
boundary
probably
runningin
proximity
to
the
north
wall
of
the
present
inner
platform
of
the
Haram.
(The
latter
has
been
considerably
extended
in
this
direction
since
Herod's
day,
and
is
indicated
by
double
dotted
lines
on
the
accompanying
plan.)
This
gives
an
area
of
approximately
26
acres
compared
with
the
35
acres,
or
thereby,
of
the
present
Haram.
The
measurements
were,
in
round
numbers,
390
yards
from
N.
to
S.
by
330
yards
from
E.
to
W.
on
the
north,
and
310
yards
E.
to
W.
on
the
south.
If
the
figures
just
given
represent,
with
approximate
accuracy,
the
extended
area
enclosed
by
Herod,
the
outer
court,
called
in
the
Mishna
'the
mountain
of
the
house,'
and
by
later
writers,
'the
court
of
the
Gentiles,'
will
have
appeared
to
the
eye
as
almost
a
square,
as
it
is
stated
to
be,
although
with
divergent
measurements,
by
our
two
chief
authorities,
the
Mishna
treatise
Middoth
(lit.
'measurements,'
tr.
in
Barclay's
Talmud,
and
in
PEFSt,
1886-87),
and
Josephus
(.BJ
V.
v..
Ant.
xv.
xi.
and
elsewhere).
The
climax
of
Herod's
architectural
triumphs
was
reached
in
the
magnificent
colonnades
which
surrounded
the
four
sides
of
this
court.
The
colonnade
along
the
south
wall,
in
particular,
known
as
'
the
Boyal
Porch
'
(or
portico,
stoa),
was
'exceeding
magnifical'
(1
Oh
22').
It
consisted
of
four
rows
of
monolithic
marble
columns
of
the
Corinthian
order,
forming
three
aisles;
the
two
side
aisles
were
30
ft.
in
breadth
and
50
ft.
in
height,
while
the
central
aisle
was
half
as
broad
again
as
the
other
two
and
twice
as
high
(Jos.
Ant.
xv.
xi.
5,
but
see
ExpT,
I.e.).
The
ceilings
of
the
roofs
were
adorned
with
sculptured
panels
of
cedar
wood.
On
the
other
three
sides
of
the
court
the
colonnades
had
only
two
aisles,
that
along
the
east
wall
bearing
the
name
of
Solomon's
Porch
(Jn
1023,
Ac
3"
512),
probably
from
a
tradition
that
it
occupied
the
site
of
one
built
by
that
monarch.
The
main
approaches
to
the
court
were
naturally
on
the
west
and
south.
The
principal
entrance
from
