THADD^US
able
select
apparatus
is
given
in
Sanday's
appendixes
to
the
Oxford
Greek
Testament
(1889),
which
also
includes
a
full
poUation
of
WH.
For
English
readers
a
select
apvaraius
is
provided
in
Eyre
&
Spottiswoode's
Variorum
Bible
(NT
by
Sanday,
Clarke,
and
Goodwin,
revised
in
1888).
Of
revised
texts
the
most
important
are
(1)
Westcott
and
Hort
(vol.
i.
of
the
work
cited
above,
also
printed
separately);
(2)
The
Greek
Testament
with
the
readings
adopted
by
the
Revisers
of
the
AV
(Oxford,
1881,
edited
by
E.
Palmer);
(3)
Weymouth's
Resultant
Greek
Testament
(1886),
based
upon
a
comparison
of
all
the
principal
editions
from
Lach-mann
to
the
RV;
(4)
Nestle's
edition,
based
originally
(Stuttgart,
1898)
on
a
comparison
of
Tischendort,
WH,
and
Weymouth,
on
tlieprincij)feof
following
always
the
reading
of
the
majority,
and
giving
select
variants
(without
the
authorities
forthem)
at
thefoot;
in
latereditions
(1901,
etc.)
Weiss
has
been
substituted
for
Weymouth.
Nestle's
text
has
since
1904
been
adopted
by
the
British
and
Foreign
Bible
Society,
with
a
different
apparatus,
giving
every
variation
of
any
importance
from
the
TR
and
th^
text
underlying
the
RV.
It
is
now,
therefore,
easy
to
obtain
a
text
of
the
NT
based
upon
the
best
available
witnesses,
as
arrived
at
by
a
consensus
of
the
most
competent
critics,
and
unquestionably
superior
in
accuracy
and
authenticity
to
the
TR.
^
A
new
edition
of
the
NT,
on
a
large
scale,
which
promises
to
be
of
great
importance,
is
being
prepared
by
Prof.
H.
voa
Soden.
F.
G.
Kenyon.
THADDiEUS.—
This
is
the
name
of
one
of
the
Twelve
Apostles
as
given
in
Mt
10',
Mk
3".
He
is
doubtless
to
be
identified
with
the
'Judas
[son]
of
James,'
who
appears
in
the
Lukau
lists
(Lk
6i«,
Ac
1";
so
RV,
but
AV
renders
'brother
of
James'),
and
with
the
'Judas,
not
Iscariot,'
of
Jn
1422,
though
some
Syrian
writers
have
made
this
last
Judas
to
be
the
same
as
the
Apostle
Thomas
(syrsin
reads
here
'Thomas,'
syrcor
reads
'Judas
Thomas'),
Thomas
being
confessedly
only
a
surname,
'the
Twin.'
In
all
four
lists
Thaddasus
(or
Judas)
comes
next
to
Simon
the
Canansean
or
Zealot,
and
may
not
improb-ably
have
been
his
brother
or
intimate
friend
(of.
the
variant
'Judas
Zelotes'
in
Mt
10',
noted
below).
It
is
the
opinion
of
almost
all
modern
scholars
that
neither
is
to
be
identified
with
any
of
the
Brethren
of
our
Lord,
though
Dom
Chapman
has
lately
published
an
elaborate
argument
to
the
contrary
(JThSt
vii.
412).
Instead
of,
or
in
addition
to,
'Thaddaeus,'
we
find
the
variant
Lebbseus.
In
Mk
3^',
Codex
Bezae
(D)
and
some
Old
Latin
MSS
have
'Lebb«us';
but
all
the
best
authorities,
Including
syrsi"
(syr<:>»
is
wanting
here),
have
'Thaddseus,'
and
this
is
doubtless
right.
In
Mt
10'
the
oldest
Greek
MSS
(KB),
the
Vulgate,
the
Coptic,
and
some
Old
Latin
MSS
have
'Thaddseus,'
while
D,
supported
by
the
valuable
Old
Latin
k
and
some
other
MSS,
has
'
Lebbieus.'
Some
other
Old
Latin
MSS
have
'Judas
Zelotes,'
and
syr^io
has
'Judas
son
(sic)
of
James'
(syri™^
is
wanting
here).
Some
inferior
MSS
and
several
Versions
combine
'Lebbseus'
and
'Thaddaeus,'
as
AV
('L.
whose
surname
was
Th.');
but
this
is
clearly
a
later
explanation,
and
must
be
rejected.
We
see,
then,
that
in
Mt.
'Thaddasus'
has
the
best
attestation,
and
this
alone
is
read
in
RV,
from
which
'Lebbaeus'
has
completely
disappeared.
But
how
could
'Lebbaeus'
have
been
invented?
It
has
been
suggested
(a)
that
some
early
scribe,
taking
'
Thad-daeus'
and
'Lebbaeus'
to
be
names
of
kindred
meaning,
the
former
from
an
Aramaic
word
denoting
'breast,'
the
latter
from
another
denoting
'heart,'
confused
the
two;
or
(6),
with
greater
probability,
that
'Lebbffius'
Is
a
form
of
'Levi,'
introduced
by
some
scribe
who
did
not
know
that
Levi
and
Matthew
were
the
same
person.
It
does
not
affect
these
explanations
if,
with
Dalman,
we
hold
that
these
derivations
are
in
fact
wrong,
for
the
scribes
were
not
necessarily
qualified
to
be
good
philolo-gers.
After
NT
times
Thaddeus
(Syr.
Taddai)
was
often
con-fused
with
Addai,
who
was
said
to
be
one
of
the
Seventy
disciples,
and
who,
being
sent
to
Edessa,
healed
Abgarus
(see
Smith-Wace,
Did.
Chr.
Biog.
iv.
875).
In
a
list
of
Apostles
given
in
Lagarde's
Appendix
to
the
Aposlphc
Con5(t(u(io7is(p.283),Thadd8eu3,'whoi3
Lebbaeus
andJudas,'
THESSALONIANS,
FIRST
EPISTLE
TO
is
distinguished
from
'Judas
of
JameSj'
and
is
said
to
have
E
reached
at
Edessa,
to
have
been
buned
in
Egypt,
and
to
ave
been
crucified.
A.
J.
Macleah.
THANK
-OPPEBING.—
See
Sacrifice,
|
12.
THAREA.—
See
Tekesh.
THASSI.
—
The
surname
of
Simon
the
Maccabee
(1
Mac
2').
The
meaning
of
the
word
is
quite
uncertain.
As
likely
an
interpretation
as
any
is
'
the
zealous.'
THEATRE.—
The
name
is
Greek
ait.
'a
place
for
viewing'
[a
spectacle]),
and
the
thing
appears
to
be
of
Greek
origin
also.
From
the
cities
of
Greece
proper,
theatres
spread
all
over
the
Greek
and
Roman
world.
The
.auditorium
consisted
regularly
of
a
semicircular
cavity
cut
on
the
side
of
a
hill,
much
broader
at
the
upper
end
than
the
lower.
The
seats
were
placed
concentrically,
being
commonly
carved
out
of
the
rock.
The
part
level
with
the
ground,
the
orchestra,
was
occupied
by
the
choir.
The
stage
and
scene
were
on
the
diameter,
and
were
of
artificial
construction,
being
very
often
like
the
front
of
a
temple.
The
theatres
were
used
for
public
meetings,
as
being
generally
the
largest
buildings
in
the
cities
(Ac
19^'-
"
;
cf
.
also
art.
Ephesus).
A.
SOUTER.
THEBAIC
VERSION.—
See
Text
of
NT,
§
27.
THEBES.—
See
No.
THEBEZ.—
A
fortified
city,
in
the
reduction
of
which
Abimelech
met
his
death
(Jg
9",
2
S
11").
It
is
described
by
Eusebius
and
Jerome
as
13
miles
from
Neapolis,
on
the
road
to
Scythopolis.
This
is
almost
certainly
the
present
TObas,
a
prosperous
village
in
a
fruitful
open
valley,
10
miles
N.E.
of
Nablus,
on
the
ancient
highroad
to
Beisan.
E.
W.
G.
Masterman.
THEFT.
—
See
Crimes
and
Punishments,
§
6.
THELERSAS.—
See
Tel-habsha.
THEODOTION.—
See
Greek
Versions
of
OT,
p.
319'>.
THEODOTUS.—
1.
One
of
the
messengers
sent
by
Nicanor
to
Judas
Maccabaeus
(2
Mao
14").
2.
The
author
of
a
plot
to
assassinate
king
Ptolemy
PhUopator,
which
was
frustrated
by
Dositheus
(3
Mac
1^).
THEOFHILUS
Qit.
'beloved
of
God').—
The
person
to
whom
St.
Luke's
two
works
are
addressed
(Lk
1»,
Ac
11).
That
Theophilus
stands
for
a
real
person
and
is
not
a
general
name
for
the
Christian
reader
is
made
probable
by
the
title
'most
excellent,'
which,
when
strictly
used,
implies
equestrian
rank
(Ramsay,
St.
Paul
p.
388).
It
is
used
alsojof
Felix
(Ac
232=
24')
and
of
Festus
(26^').
But
some
take
the
title
as
a
mere
complimentary
address,
and
therefore
as
telling
us
nothing
of
The-ophilus
himself.
If
it
is
used
strictly,
we
may
agree
with
Ramsay
that
Theophilus
was
a
Roman
official,
and
the
favourable
attitude
of
St.
Luke
to
the
institutions
of
the
Empire
is
in
keeping
with
this
idea.
If
so,
The-ophilus
would
be
the
Christian,
not
the
Roman,
name
of
the
person
addressed.
A.
J.
Maclean.
THERAS
(1
Es
8")=Ahava
(wh.
see),
Ezr
8"-
".
THERIVIELETH.—
See
Telmelah.
THESSALONIANS,
FIRST
EFISTLE
TO
THE.—
1.
Occasion
and
date.—
According
to
the
narrative
of
Ac
17,
St.
Paul,
in
the
course
of
his
second
missionary
journey,
went
from
Philippi
to
Thessalonica,
and
reasoned
there
in
the
synagogue
for
three
Sabbaths,
with
the
result
that
'some
of
them
were
persuaded,
and
con-sorted
with
Paul
and
Silas;
and
of
the
devout
Greeks
a
great
multitude,
and
of
the
chief
women
not
a
few'
(v.<)
There
follows
a
tumult
of
the
Jews,
and
accusation
against
Jason,
St.
Paul's
host,
who
is
bound
over
to
keep
the
peace.
St.
Paul
is
sent
away
by
the
brethren
to
Beroea,
and
thence
again
to
Athens,
leaving
Silas
and
Timothy
in
Beroea.
From
Athens
he
sent
for
them,
waiting
till
they
should
arrive
(17"-
"),
but
apparently
they
did
not
rejoin
him
till
he
had
passed
on
to
Corinth
(18»).
At
the
time
of
his
writing
1
Th.
they
are
with
him
