with
the
tribes
whom
we
find
at
the
commencement
of
Islam
engaged
in
joint
enterprises
of
a
similar
kind.
In
1
K
20^
there
appears
to
be
a
reference
to
a
practice
by
which
sovereigns
obtained
the
right
to
the
possession
of
bazaars
in
each
other's
capitals
—
the
nearest
approach
to
a
commercial
treaty
that
we
find
in
this
literature.
But
at
such
times
as
the
condition
of
the
Israelitish
cities
allowed
of
the
purchase
of
luxuries
—
i.e.
after
successful
campaigns
or
long
spells
of
peace,
permitting
of
accumulations
of
produce
—
it
is
probable
that
the
arrival
and
residence
of
foreign
merchants
were
facilitated
by
the
practice
of
'protection,'
a
citizen
rendering
himself
responsible
for
the
foreign
visitors,
and
making
their
interests
his
own
—
doubtless
in
most
cases
for
a
consideration.
The
spirit
of
the
Mosaic
legislation
(like
that
of
Plato's
and
Aristotle's
theories)
is
against
such
intermixing
with
foreigners;
and
except
for
forces
such
as
only
powerful
chieftains
could
collect,
journeys
whether
on
sea
or
land
were
dangerous.
Of
an
ex-pedient
for
commerce
like
the
Arabian
months
of
sacred
truce
the
OT
contains
no
hint.
6.
The
chief
passage
in
the
OT
dealing
with
commerce
is
Ezekiel'a
prophecy
against
Tyre,
in
which
the
chief
Tyrian
wares
are
enumerated,
and
the
countries
whence
the
Tyrians
imported
them
(ch.
27).
That
chapter
would
seem
to
be
based
on
some
statistical
account
of
Tyre,
similar
to
those
which
at
a
somewhat
later
date
were
made
out
concerning
the
Greek
States.
In
a
prophecy
inserted
in
the
Book
of
Isaiah
(ch.
23)
Tyre
is
also
described
as
the
great
mart
of
the
time,
serving,
it
would
seem,
as
the
chief
exchange
and
centre
of
distribu-tion
tor
goods
of
all
kinds.
Ezk
2&
is
sometimes
inter-preted
as
implying
that
Jerusalem
was
a
competitor
with
Tyre
for
the
trade
of
the
world,
but
perhaps
it
means
only
that
the
taking
of
any
great
city
led
to
the
Tyrian
merchants
obtaining
the
spoil
at
low
prices.
7.
Trade-routes.
—
Palestine
has
no
internal
water-ways,
and
goods
brought
to
it
from
other
countries
had
to
reach
It
either
by
sea
or
across
desert.
A
system
of
roads
leading
from
Arabia,
Egypt,
and
Mesopotamia
appears
to
have
converged
at
Sela
or
Petra,
whence
two
branches
spread
northwards,
to
Gaza
and
to
the
eastern
shore
of
the
Dead
Sea,
continuing
northwards
on
the
left
bank
of
the
Jordan.
From
Gaza
and
Acre
roads
met
in
the
plain
of
Esdraelon,
the
former
going
through
the
depressions
of
Judaea
and
Samaria.
From
the
plain
of
Esdraelon
a
road
led
to
Damascus,
touching
the
N.
W.
bank
of
the
Sea
of
Galilee.
When
Jerusalem
became
the
capital
of
the
country,
goods
were
brought
thither,
probably
by
the
same
routes
as
were
in
use
till
the
construction
of
the
railways;
but
it
is
uncertain
when
Joppa
first
became
the
port
of
Jerusalem,
for
the
state-ment
in
2
Ch
2"
that
Joppa
was
so
used
in
Solomon's
time
is
not
found
in
the
authentic
chronicle
of
1
K
5',
where
ignorance
is
clearly
acknowledged
on
this
subject.
On
the
other
hand,
the
earlier
chronicle
states
that
Elath
served
as
the
port
of
Jerusalem
on
the
Red
Sea,
and,
after
Solomon's
time,
was
repeatedly
taken
out
of
the
possession
of
the
Jewish
kings,
and
re-captured.
Jose-phus
(4n(.
VIII.
vii.
4)
asserts
that
Solomon
had
the
roads
leading
to
Jerusalem
paved
with
black
stone,
but
his
authority
for
this
statement
is
unknown.
The
process
of
road-making
is
described
in
the
familiar
passage
Is
40*,
with
allusions
to
the
operations
of
mounding
and
excavating,
possibly
of
paving;
but
these
operations
may
have
been
learned
from
Babylonian
or
Persian
rather
than
Israelitish
examples.
Moreover,
such
roads
were
necessary
for
military
rather
than
commercial
expeditions,
in
which
wheeled
vehicles
were
not
ordinarily
used.
8.
Transport.
—
Before
the
construction
of
railways
in
Palestine,
transport
was
ordinarily
on
the
backs
of
men
or
animals,
and
of
the
latter
camels
are
mentioned
in
connexion
with
goods
brought
from
Arabia
(1
K
10',
Is
60"
etc.),
and
even
with
such
as
were
carried
in
Syria
and
Palestine
(2
K
8',
1
Ch
12").
In
the
last
reference
these
animals
are
mentioned
together
with
asses,
oxen,
and
mules;
and
probably
the
first
and
last
of
these
were
more
ordinarily
employed
for
internal
traffic.
At
a
later
time
they
first
appear
to
have
been
employed
almost
exclusively
in
the
corn-trade,
in
which
they
figure
as
early
as
Gn
42^.
The
allusions
to
the
employment
of
human
transport
are
more
often
meta-phorical
than
literal;
yet
such
passages
as
Is
58«
seem
distinctly
to
refer
to
it
and
to
the
instruments
employed
in
fixing
the
burdens
on
the
slaves'
persons.
'
Caravans
'
are
mentioned
in
Job
6'".,
Is
21",
Ezk
2T^
[all
RV],
and
Jg
S»
(RVm).
9.
Commercial
instruments.—
The
money-lender
ap-pears
at
the
very
commencement
of
the
history
of
the
Israelitish
kingdom,
where
we
are
told
that
David's
followers
were
to
some
extent
insolvent
debtors;
and
the
Jewish
law
allowed
the
taking
of
pledges,
but
not
(it
would
seem)
the
taking
of
interest,
except
from
foreigners.
The
result
of
similar
legislation
in
Moslem
countries
is
to
make
the
rate
of
interest
enormously
high,
and
in
Palestine
it
may
have
had
the
same
effect.
Deeds
of
loan
appear
not
to
be
mentioned
in
the
OT,
though
there
is
frequent
reference
to
the
danger
of
giving
security.
To
the
institution
of
banking
there
is
a
familiar
reference
in
the
NT
(Mt
25^");
the
persons
there
referred
to
—
like
the
bankers
of
modern
times
—
undertook
the
charge
of
deposits
for
the
use
of
which
they
paid
some
interest;
the
money-changers
(Mt
21"
etc.)
were,
as
now,
in
a
smaller
way
of
business.
Those
who
hoarded
money
more
often
put
it
'under
the
stone'
(Sir
29'°)
than
entrusted
it
to
bankers;
and
this
is
still
probably
the
favourite
practice
all
over
the
nearer
East.
Another
common
practice
was
to
deposit
money
with
trustworthy
persons,
to
which
there
is
a
reference
in
Tobit
(420
etc.).
In
most
ancient
cities
the
temples
served
as
places
of
security,
where
treasure
could
be
stored,
and
this
is
likely
to
have
been
the
case
in
Israelitish
cities
also.
10.
Development
of
the
Israelites
into
a
commercial
people.
—
The
prophets
appear
to
have
anticipated
that
the
exiles
would
carry
on
in
their
new
home
the
same
agricultural
pursuits
as
had
occupied
them
in
Palestine
(Jer
29>);
and
it
would
appear
that
till
the
taking
of
Jerusalem
by
Titus,
and
perhaps
even
later,
agriculture
remained
the
normal
occupation
of
the
Israelites,
where-as
in
modern
times
this
pursuit
has
passed
entirely
out
of
their
hands.
The
Jews
of
the
Turkish
empire
(.e.g.)
are
said
to
furnish
no
cultivators
of
the
soil,
whereas
the
Christian
population,
whose
political
status
is
the
same,
are
largely
agricultural.
The
separation
of
great
numbers
of
the
people
from
the
Palestinian
soil,
in
suc-cessive
captivities,
must
doubtless
have
led
many
of
them
to
take
to
commerce,
to
which
perhaps
those
who
had
no
settled
home
would
feel
least
repugnance;
while
the
settlement
of
groups
in
a
number
of
different
regions
would
furnish
them
with
the
advantage
that
companies
now
secure
by
the
establishment
of
agencies
in
various
places.
After
the
conquests
of
Alexander,
ghettos
began
to
be
formed
in
the
great
Hellenic
cities,
and
the
Roman
conquests
soon
led
to
colonies
of
Jews
settling
yet
farther
west.
D.
S.
Mabgoliouth.
TRADES.—
See
Aets
and
Crafts.
TRADITION.—
See
Law
(in
NT),
§
1.
TRAGACANTH.—
See
Spice.
TRANCE.
—
A
condition
in
which
the
mental
powers
are
partly
or
wholly
unresponsive
to
external
impressions
while
dominated
by
subjective
excitement,
or
left
free
to
contemplate
mysteries
incapable
of
apprehension
by
the
usual
rational
processes.
The
word.
occurs
in
EV
only
in
Nu
24'-
»
[but
cf.
RV],
Ac
10i»
11'
22".
See,
further,
artt.
Dreams,
Vision.
H.
L.
'WiLLETr.
TRANSFIGURATIOK.—
The
Transfiguration
is
a
mysterious
occurrence
in
the
life
of
our
Lord,
which
must
be
seen
and
felt,
rather
than
understood.
It
produced
a
sense
of
awe
in
the
hearts
of
the
disciples
(Mt
17«).
