APOLLYON

pleached only John's baptism of repentance. But Priscilla and AquUa made him a full Christian.

Later on Apollos worlced in Corinth, with great success. His eloquence and PhUonic culture won him a name for wisdom, and made his preaching attractive, so that many declared themselves his special followers (1 Co 1'^). ApoUos' teaching in Corinth may have been marked by allegorical interpretation, insistence on Divine knowl-edge, and on the need of living according to nature (see St. Paul's sarcastic reference to 'nature' in 1 Co 11"). But the party-strife at Corinth was not of his intending. Apollos and Paul were agreed in their gospel (1 Co 3«) — a fact the Corinthians overlooked. Apollos refused the request of the Corinthians for a speedy second visit (1 Co IB'^). St. Paul apparently speaks of Apollos as an Apostle (1 Co 4'). We have no certain records of Apollos' teaching, but it has been suggested that he wrote the Wisdom of Solomon before, and the letter to the Hebrews after, his conversion.

H. G. Wood.

APOLLYON (' the Destroyer').— The Greek equivalent In Bev 9" of Abaddon, the angel of the bottomless pit, who was also the king of the locusts (see Abaddon). The word does not appear in its Greek form in later Babbinic writings, and only here in the NT. As an angel Apollyon seems to have been regarded as equivalent to Asmodaeus, king of demons, in Judaistic mythology; but our data are too few to warrant precise statements. Shailer Mathews.

APOPLEXY.— See Medicine.

APOSTASY.— A defection from the tenets of some religious community. In Ac 212' it describes the charge brought against St. Paul by the Jews, viz., that he taught that the Jews should abandon Mosaism. In 2 Th 2' it describes the defection of Christians which was to accompany the 'man of lawlessness'; i.e. the Antichrist. This expectation is an illustration of whaA seems to have been a common belief — that the return of the Christ to establish His Kingdom would be preceded by exceptional activity on the part of His superhuman opponent, and that this would result in an abandon-ment of Christian faith on the part of many of those nominally Christian. Shailer Mathews.

APOSTLES. — Apostle, 'one commissioned,' represents a Heb. word which signified not merely a messenger but a delegate, bearing a commission, and, so far as his commission extended, wielding his commissioner's authority. 'The Apostle of any one,' says the Talmud, 'is even as the man himself by whom he is deputed.' The term was applied by Jesus to the twelve disciples whom He attached to Himself to aid Him in His ministry and to be trained by the discipline of His example and precept for carrying it on after His departure (Lk 6", Mt 102). Cf. Jn 171' 'Even as thou didst commission me unto the world, I also commissioned them unto the world' (where 'commission' is the verb cognate to 'Apostle').

Jesus appointed twelve Apostles corresponding to the twelve tribes, thus intimating that their mission was meanwhile to Israel (cf. Mt 10'- "); but by and by, when He was setting out on His last Journey to Jerusalem, He 'appointed other seventy and commissioned them' (Lk 10'), thus intimating the universality of His gospel, inasmuch as, according to Jewish reckoning, mankind was composed of seventy nations.

After the Lord's departure the Twelve were the Apostles par excellence (cf. Ac 6^- •). They were the men who had been with Jesus, and their peculiar function was to testify of Him, and especially of His Resurrection (Ac 121- «; cf. V.8 and Lk 24"). But they were not the only Apostles. The title was given to Barnabas (Ac 14*- », 1 Co 9'- ') and Andronicus and Junias (Ro 16'). It may be that it was extended to men of Apostolic character, but then why was it withheld from one like Timothy (2 Co 1', Col 1>)? If

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Barnabas, as tradition declares, and Andronicus and Junias, as Origen suggests, belonged to the order of the Seventy, it may well be that those others besides the Twelve who were styled 'Apostles' were the Seventy. It is true the title is given to James the Lord's brother (Gal 1", 1 Co IS') and to Paul, who belonged neither to the Twelve nor to the Seventy. But theirs were ex-ceptional cases. It was natural that James, who was recognized as the head of the Church at Jerusalem, should be accorded the dignity of Apostleship, as well for his extreme sanctity as tor his relationship to Jesus. And as for Paul, his Apostolic title was bitterly con-tested; and he triumphantly defended it on the double ground that, though he had not companied with Jesus in the days of His flesh, he had seen Him after His glorification on the road to Damascus (1 Co 9'), and though he was not one of the original Apostles, his Apostleship had the Lord's own sanction (1 Co 92, 2 Co 12>2). Perhaps it was his example that em-boldened others outside the ranks of the Twelve and the Seventy to claim Apostleship on the score of Apostolic gifts, real or supposed (2 Co 11", Rev 2'). See also Disciples. David Smith.

APOTHECARY.— In aU the 8 occurrences of this word in OT and Apocr. we should render 'perfumer,' as does BV in half of these (Ex 30=s- 3s 37S9_ ec 10'); elsewhere the former is retained (2 Ch 16", Neh .3* (cf. marg.), Sir 388 491). see Perfumer.

A. R. S. Kennedy.

APPAIM.— A man of Judah (1 Ch 23»- =').

APPAREL.— See Dress.

APPARITION.- In RV of Mt 1428 and Mk 6" for AV 'spirit.' The Gr. word (phantasma) differs from the usual word for 'spirit' ipneuma). It occurs only in these passages.

APPEAL.— See Justice.

AFPHIA. — A Christian lady of Colossi, a member of the household of Philemon, probably his wife (Philem 2).

APPHUS (1 Mac 28).— The surname of Jonathan the Maccabee. The name is usually thought to mean 'dissembler'; and some suppose that it was given to Jonathan for his stratagem against the tribe of the Jambri, who had killed his brother John (1 Mac 98'-").

APPII FORUM.— Ac 28'6 AV; RV 'The Market of Appius.' See next article.

APPIUS, MARKET OF.— A market-town (without city rights) on the Appian Way, 10 Roman miles from Tres Taberncs (Three Taverns), near the modern railway station, Foro Appio. As the Appian Way was the main road from Rome to the south and east of the Roman Empire, it was traversed by nearly all travellers from or to those parts (Ac 28'8). A Souteh.

APPLE.— That the apple (tappuah) of the OT is the fruit known by that name to-day is extremely doubtful. It is true that the tree in size and foliage would answer to the reference in Ca 88, Jl 112; the fruit too in its sweetness (Ca 28) and its smell (Ca ?») is very appropriate. It is also suggestive that Heb. tappuah closely resembles the Arabic for 'apple,' tuff ah. On the other hand, it is a substantial difBculty that the apple does not grow well in Palestine proper, as distinguished from the Lebanon. The native fruit is small and wanting in sweetness; almost all eatable apples are imported from the North. In consequence of tliis, several fruits which to-day are found in Palestine have been suggested. The citron, a favourite with the Jews on account of its smell and golden colour, is certainly a more recent introduction The apricot, suggested by Tristram, which flourishes in parts of Palestine in greater profusion than any other fruit, would seem to answer to the references well. It IS dehciously sweet, with a pleasant smell, and, when npe, of a briUiant golden colour. The tree is one of the most beautiful in the land, and when loaded with ' Its golden fruit might well suggest the expression ' apples