exiles
against
worsliipping
idols.
Tills
book
is
thouglit
to
have
originated
sometime
about
b.c.
320.
Its
original
language
is
Greek,
tiiougli
ttiere
is
reason
for
believing
that
l'-38
was
first
written
in
Hebrew.
11.
Prayer
of
Manasses,
king
of
Judah,
when
he
was
a
captive
of
Ashurbanipal
in
the
city
of
Babylon
{2
Ch
3312.
13).
It
probably
originated
in
some
of
the
legends
current
regarding
this
notable
king,
and
may
have
been
intended
for
insertion
in
the
narrative
of
2
Ch
33".
Its
original
is
Greek.
It
is
not
a
part
of
the
Vulgate
adopted
at
the
Council
of
Trent,
but
is
in
the
appendix
thereof.
12.
Second
Esdras
[yu
l&
-
Fourth
Esdras.
If
First
Esdras
is
the
reconstructed
Ezra,
and
the
canonical
Ezra
and
Nehemiah
are
taken
as
one
book,
then
this
is
Third
Esdras
(as
in
the
Septuagint).
If
Ezra
and
Nehemiah
are
left
out
of
account,
this
book
is
Second
Esdras
(as
in
the
Apocrypha
of
BV).
It,
as
in
the
Vulgate,
Ezra
is
reckoned
as
First
Esdras,
and
Nehemiah^
as
Second
Esdras,
and
the
reconstructed
Ezra
as
TMrC
Esdras,
then
this
book
is
Fourth
Esdras]-:
This
work
is
a
peculiar
combination
of
matter.
It
is
not
history
at
all,
but
rather
a
religious
document
imitative
of
the
Hebrew
prophets,
and
apocalyptic
in
character.
Its
Greek
original,
if
it
had
one,
has
been
lost,
and
the
work
is
extant
in
Latin,
Syriac,
Arabic,
Ethiopic,
and
Armenian.
It
is
attributed
to
at
least
two
different
dates,
the
2nd
and
3rd
cents,
a.d.
The
character
of
the
matter
shows
that
some
Christian
interpolated
the
original
to
give
it
a
Christian
colouring.
This
matter
does
not
appear,
however,
in
the
Arabic
and
Ethiopic
texts.
It
stands
in
the
appendix
to
the
NT
of
the
Vulgate.
13.
Ecclesiasticus,
or.
The
Wisdom
of
Jesus
the
Son
of
Sirach,
—
This
is
one
of
the
most
valuable
of
the
Apocryphal
books.
It
resembles
the
books
of
Proverbs,
Ecclesiastes,
and
Job
in
its
ethical
characteristics.
It
was
written
by
a
Jew
called
Jesus,
son
of
Sirach,
prob-ably
early
in
the
3rd
cent.,
though
the
Greek
translation
was
issued
about
b.c.
132.
The
book
was
originally
written
in
Hebrew,
and
in
this
language
about
one
half
of
it
has
recently
been
discovered
in
Egypt
and^published.
It
is
one
of
the
works
that
give
us
a
vivid
idea
of
the
Wisdom
literature
produced
in
the
centuries
preceding
the
Christian
era.
14
.
Wisdom
of
Solomon
lauds
wisdom
and
a
righteous
life,
but
condemns
idolatry
and
wickedness.
The
author
employs,
in
the
main,
illustrations
from
the
Pentateuch.
He
purports
to
be
Solomon,
and
makes
just
such
claims
as
one
would
imagine
Solomon
would
have
done
if
he
had
been
the
author.
He
is
thought
to
have
lived
anywhere
between
b.c.
ISO
and
b.c.
SO,
and
to
have
been
a
Jew
of
Alexandria.
The
book
possesses
some
valuable
literary
features,
though
in
its
present
form
it
seems
to
be
incomplete.
Its
original
text
was
Greek.
If
we
should
include
Third
and
Fourth
Maccabees
in
this
list,
as
is
done
by
some
writers
(but
not
by
the
Vulgate),
we
find
these
peculiarities:
15.
ThirdMaccabees
describes
anattempt
to
massacre
the
Jews
in
the
reign
of
Ptolemy
Philopator
(b.c.
222-205),
and
a
notable
deliverance
from
death.
The
work
is
extant
in
Greek
(in
LXX),
but
not
in
the
Vulgate.
16.
Fourth
Maccabees
is
a
discussion
of
the
conquest
of
matter
by
the
mind
illustratively,
by
the
use
of
the
story
of
the
martyrdom
of
the
seven
Maccabees,
their
mother
and
Eleazar.
The
work
is
found
in
the
Alex-andrian
MS
of
the
Septuagint,
and
in
Syriac.
In
addition
to
these
Apocryphal
books,
but
not
in-cluded
either
in
the
Septuagint,
the
Vulgate,
or
the
RV,
there
is
an
ever-increasing
list
of
works
that
scholars
have
chosen
to
call
pseudepigrapha.
These
were
written
at
various
periods,
but
mainly
just
before,
during,
and
just
after
the
times
of
Christ.
Many
of
them
deal
with
the
doctrinal
discussions
of
their
day,
and
present
revelations
to
the
author
under
strange
and
even
weird
conditions.
These
writers
attached
to
their
books
as
a
rule
the
name
of
some
famous
personage,
not
by
way
of
deception,
but
to
court
favour
for
the
views
set
forth.
It
would
carry
us
too
far
afield
to
take
up
these
works
one
by
one.
Merely
the
titles
of
some
of
them
can
be
mentioned.
As
a
piece
of
lyrical
work
the
Psalms
of
Solomon
is
the
best
example
in
this
group.
Of
apocalyptical
and
prophetical
works,
there
are
the
Book
of
Enoch,
quoted
in
Jude,
the
Assumption
of
Moses,
the
Apocalypse
of
Baruch,
the
Testaments
of
the
Twelve
Patriarchs.
Legendary
works
are
the
Book
of
Jubilees
and
the
Ascension
of
Isaiah.
One
of
the
curious
cases
of
mixed
material
is
that
of
the
Sibylline
Oracles.
See
Apocalyptic
Literature.
To
these
might
be
added
scores
of
lesser
lights
that
appeared
in
that
period
of
theological
and
doctrinal
unrest,
many
of
which
are
now
published,
and
others
are
being
discovered
in
some
out-of-the-way
place
almost
yearly.
Their
value
Ues
in
the
revelations
that
they
give
us
of
the
methods
adopted
and
the
doctrines
promulgated
in
the
early
centuries
of
the
Christian
era,
by
means
of
such
works.
Ira
Maurice
Price.
APOCBTPHAL
GOSPELS.—
See
Gospels
[Apocry-phal].
APOLLONIA
(Ac
IT').—
Paul
and
Silas
passed
through
this
town
on
the
way
from
Amphipolis
to
Thessalonica.
It
is
known
that
it
was
on
the
im-portant
Egnatian
road
which
ran
between
Dyr-rhachium
(mod.
Durazzo)
and
Thessalonica,
but
its
exact
site
lias
not
yet
been
discovered.
It
was
about
half-way
between
AmphipoUs
and
Thessalonica,
and
lay
between
the
rivers
Axius
and
Strymon.
A.
SOUTEE.
APOLLONIUS.—
1.
A
governor
of
Ccele-Syria
and
Phoenicia
under
Seleucus
iv.
(2
Mac
4<),
who
suggested
the
abortive
attempt
of
Heliodorus
on
the
Temple-
treasury.
To
this
he
probably
owes
the
title
mysarches
(2
Mac
S'"),
which
the
Vulg.
renders
odiosum
principem,
AV
'detestable
ringleader,'
RV
'lord
of
pollutions.'
In
B.C.
168-167
he
was
sent
to
Hellenize
Jerusalem,
and
he
initiated
the
great
persecution
with
a
cruel
massacre
on
the
Sabbath
(2
Mac
5^-^).
Judas
Maccabeeus
defeated
and
slew
him,
wearing
his
sword
ever
after
(1
Mac
3'»''-,
Jos.
A»«.
XII.
vii.
7).
2.
An
envoy
sent
to
Egypt
by
Antiochus
iv.,
b.c.
173
(2
Mac
4=').
3.
An
ofiicial
under
Antiochus
v.
who
molested
the
Jews
(2
Mac
12^).
4.
A
governor
of
Coele-Syria
who
fought
against
the
Jews
(b.c
147)
on
the
side
of
Demetrius
(1
Mac
IQss-ss;
Jos.
Ant.
xiii.
iv.
3
f.
is
in
error).
From
Jamnia
he
sent
a
pompous
defiance
to
Jonathan
Mac-cabaeus,
who,
however,
captured
Joppa
and
defeated
Apollonius.
J.
Taylor.
APOLLOPHANES
(2
Mac
10").—
A
Syrian
killed
at
the
taking
of
Gazara
by
Judas
Maccabaeus.
APOLLOS
(a
pet
name,
abbreviated
from
Apollonius,
which
appears
in
D
text
of
Ac
18*i).
—
Apart
from
a
doubtful
reference
in
Tit
3",
we
derive
our
knowledge
of
Apollos
from
1
Cor.
and
Ac
18"-^*.
In
Acts
he
is
described
as
an
Alexandrian
Jew,
an
eloquent
man,
with
an
effective
knowledge
of
the
OT.
He
came
to
Ephesus
before
St.
Paul
sojourned
there,
and,
having
been
instructed
in
the
way
of
the
Lord,
he
zealously
proclaimed
his
views
in
the
synagogue,
where
Priscilla
and
Aquila
heard
him.
What
exactly
his
views
were,
it
is
not
easy
to
decide.
Ac
18®
suggests
that
he
was
a
Christian
in
some
sense,
that
he
knew
the
story
of
Jesus,
believed
in
Him
as
Messiah,
but
did
not
know
of
the
coming
of
the
Holy
Ghost.
The
disciples
men-tioned
in
Ac
ig'"-,
who
are
clearly
in
a
parallel
position,
do
not
seem
to
know
even
so
much
as
this;
and
'in-structed
in
the
way
of
the
Lord
'
need
not
mean
Christi-anity,
while
even
the
phrase
'the
things
concerning
Jesus'
may
refer
simply
to
the
Messianic
prophecies
(cf.
Lk
24",
and
see
art.
'Apollos'
by
J.
H.
A.
Hart
in
JThS,
Oct.
1905).
In
Ephesus,
Apollos
may
have
