CANOPY
Catholic
and
Protestant
Canons.
Translations
of
the
Bible
into
the
vernacular
of
various
languages
laid
the
question
of
the
Canon
to
rest
again,
by
familiarizing
readers
with
the
same
series
of
books
in
all
versions
and
editions.
5.
TheCanoninModern
Criticism.—
InthelSth
cent,
the
very
idea
of
a
Canon
was
attacked
by
the
Deists
and
Rationalists
(Toland,
Diderot,
etc.);
but
the
critical
study
of
the
subject
began
with
Semler
(1771-5),
who
pointed
out
the
early
variations
in
theCanon
and
attacked
the
very
idea
of
a
Canon
as
an
authoritative
standard,
while
he
criticised
the
usefulness
and
theological
value
of
the
several
books
of
the
NT.
Subsequent
controversy
has
dealt
less
with
the
Canon
as
such
than
with
the
authenticity
and
genuineness
of
the
booksthatitcontains.
In
the
views
of
extreme
negative
criticism
canonicity
as
such
has
no
meaning
except
as
a
historical
record
of
Church
opinion.
On
the
other
hand,
those
who
accept
a
doctrine
of
inspiration
in
relation
to
the
NT
do
not
connect
this
very
closely
with
critical
questions
in
such
a
way
as
to
affect
the
Canon.
Thus
doubts
as
to
the
authorship
of
the
Pastoral
Epistles,
2
Peter,
James,
etc.,
have
not
given
rise
to
any
serious
proposal
to
remove
these
books
from
the
NT.
The
Canon
rests
mainly
on
tradition
and
usage.
But
the
justification
for
it
when
this
is
sought
is
usually
found
(1)
in
the
Apostolic
authorship
of
most
of
the
NT
books;
(2)
in
the
Apostolic
atmosphere
and
association
of
the
remaining
books;
(3)
in
the
general
acceptance
and
continuous
use
of
them
in
the
churches
for
centuries
as
a
test
of
their
value
;
(4)
in
their
inherent
worth
to-day
as
realized
in
Christian
experience.
It
cannot
be
said
that
these
four
tests
would
give
an
indefeasible
right
to
every
book
to
claim
a
place
in
the
Canon
if
it
were
not
already
there
—
e.g.
the
small
Epistle
of
Jude;
but
they
throw
the
burden
of
proof
on
those
who
would
disturb
the
Canon
by
a
serious
proposal
to
eject
any
of
its
contents;
and
in
fact
no
such
proposal
—
as
distinct
from
critical
questions
of
the
dates,
authorship,
historicity,
etc.,
of
the
several
books
—
is
now
engaging
the
attention
of
scholars
or
churches.
W.
F.
Adeney.
CANOPY.
—
A
loan-word
from
the
Gr.
kdnSpeion,
a
mosquito-net.
It
is
used
to
render
this
word
in
the
description
of
the
bed
of
Holofernes
with
its
mosquito-
curtain
(Jth
10"
etc.);
also
in
Is
4'
RV
for
Heb.
chuppah
in
the
sense
of
a
protective
covering.
This
Heb.
word
is
becoming
naturaUzed
in
English
to
denote
the
canopy
under
which
a
Jewish
bridegroom
and
bride
stand
while
the
wedding
ceremony
is
being
per-formed.
A.
R.
S.
Kennedy.
CANTICLES.—
See
Song
op
Songs.
CAP.—
See
Dhess,
§
5
(a).
CAPEB-BERBT
(aMyyBnah)
.—Ec
12'
RV;
AV
'
desire.'
The
RV
tr.
is
supported
by
the
LXX,
Pesh.
and
the
Mishna.
The
caper-berry
is
the
fruit
of
Capparis
spinosa,
a
common
Palestine
plant,
which,
largely
on
account
of
its
habit
of
growing
out
of
crevices
in
walls,
has
been
identified
with
the
hyssop
(wh.
see).
Various
parts
of
the
caper
plant
are
extensively
used
as
medicine
by
the
fellahln.
The
familiar
capers
of
commerce
are
the
flower
buds.
The
'failure'
of
the
caper-berry
in
old
age
may
have
been
its
ceasing
to
act
as
a
stimulant,
either
as
an
aphrodisiac
or
a
stomachic.
E.
W.
G.
Mastekman.
CAPEENAUM.—
The
headquarters
of
Christ
in
His
Galilsean
ministry,
after
His
rejection
at
Nazareth
(Mt
4'3,
Jn
212).
Here
he
healed
the
centurion's
palsied
servant
(Mt
S'-",
Lk
T-"),
provided
the
half-
shekel
for
the
Temple
tribute
(Mt
IT*"),
taught
in
the
synagogue
(Mk
1^',
Lk
4",
Jn
6=°),
performed
many
miracles
(Mk
12a-2i2,
Lk
48=-"),
taught
humility
to
the
disciples
(Mk
9^),
healed
a
nobleman's
son
by
a
word
from
Cana
(Jn
4").
For
its
unbelief
He
denounced
the
city
(Mt
11!»,
Lk
lO's).
Though
it
was
evidently
a
town
of
considerable
importance,
the
site
is
forgotten
and
CAPTAIN
is
a
matter
of
dispute.
The
two
sites
most
in
favour
are
Tell
Hum
and
K?Mn
Minyeh,
both
on
the
north
side
of
the
Sea
of
Galilee,
the
former
about
midway
between
the
latter
and
the
mouth
of
the
Jordan.
At
Tell
Hum
are
extensive
ruins,
including
the
remains
of
a
synagogue.
Khan
Minyeh
does
not
show
such
impor-tant
remains,
and,
as
these
seem
all
to
be
Ar<ib,
the
balance
of
probability
is
on
the
side
of
Tell
Hum,
whose
name
should
probably
be
written
Telhum,
and
regarded
as
a
corruption
of
Caphar
Tanhum,
the
Talmudic
form
of
the
city's
name
(see
the
latest
discussion
on
the
subject
in
PEFST
1907,
p.
220).
If
the
remains
at
Tell
Hum
are
not
Capernaum,
it
is
difficult
to
say
what
important
city
they
represent
(see
Sanday's
art.
'Capernaum'
in
Hastings'
DCG).
R.
A.
S.
Macalister.
CAPH
or
KAPH.—
Eleventh
letter
of
Heb.
alphabet,
and
as
such
used
in
the
119th
Psalm
to
designate
the
11th
part,
each
verse
of
which
begins
with
this
letter.
OAPHARSALAMA
(1
Mac
7=').—
Apparently
near
Jerusalem.
Kefr
Silwdn,
the
village
of
Siloam,
is
possibly
intended.
CAPHIBA
(1
Es
S").—
A
town
of
Benj.,
inhabitants
of
which
returned
with
Zerubbabel;
called
in
Ezr
2»
Chephirah;
ct.
Neh
7"'.
CAPHTOK.—
The
region
whence
the
Philistines
came
to
Palestine
(Am
9',
Jer
47*).
Hence
in
Dt
2'"
Caphtarim
means
the
Philistines.
In
Gn
10"
Caphtorim
is
used
of
the
country
itself
in
place
of
Caphtor;
it
should
be
placed
in
the
text
immediately
after
Casluhim.
Many
identifications
of
Caphtor
have
been
attempted.
The
favourite
theory
has
been
that
it
means
the
island
of
Crete
(cf.
Cherethites).
Next
in
favour
is
the
view
that
Caphtor
was
the
coast
of
the
Egyptian
Delta.
It
has
also
been
identified
with
Cyprus.
The
correct
theory
is
suggested
by
inscriptions
of
Ramses
m.
of
Egypt
(c.
B.C.
1200),
who
tells
of
his
having
repelled
a
great
invasion
by
enemies
who
had
entered
Syria
and
Palestine
from
the
north.
The
leaders
of
these
barbarians
were
called
Purusati,
which
(Egyp.
r
being
Sem.
0
is
equivalent
to
the
Heb.
Pelishtl.
Connecting
these
facts
with
the
circumstance
that
the
southern
coast
of
Asia
Minor,
more
especially
Cilicia,
,
was
called
Kefio
or
Kafto
in
the
Egyptian
inscriptions,
it
appears
very
probable
that
this
Kafto
and
Caphtor
are
identical.
The
further
conjecture
might
be
hazarded
that
the
writing
of
the
Hebrew
vmw
as
a
vowel-letter
in
an
original
Kafto
gave
rise
to
the
additional
risk.
Compare
the
similar
case
Ashkenaz.
J.
F.
McCuhdy.
CAPPADOCIA.
—
A
large
district
in
the
mid-eastern
part
of
Asia
Minor,
formed
into
a
Roman
province
in
A.D.
17.
It
was
administered
by
a
procurator
sent
out
by
the
reigning
emperor,
being
regarded
as
an
unim-portant
district.
In
a.d.
70
Vespasian
united
it
with
Armenia
Minor,
and
made
the
two
together
a
large
and
important
frontier
province,
to
be
governed
by
an
ex-consul,
under
the
title
of
legatus
Augusti
pro
prwtore,
on
the
emperor's
behalf.
The
territory
to
the
N.
and
W.
of
Cilicia,
the
kingdom
of
the
client-king
Antiochus,
was
incorporated
in
it
at
the
time,
and
it
afterwards
received
various
accessions
of
territory.
Jews
from
Cappadocia
are
mentioned
in
Ac
2',
and
their
presence
there
(c.
B.C.
139)
is
implied
in
1
Mac
15^
where
a
letter
in
their
favour
is
addressed
by
the
Roman
Senate
to
king
Arathes.
Cappadocia
was
not
visited
by
St.
Paul,
probably
as
insufficiently
Romanized,
but
it
was
one
of
the
provinces
to
which
1
Peter
(?
about
a.d.
70-80)
was
sent.
A.
Souter.
CAPTAIN.
—
This
word
occurs
very
frequently
in
the
OT
(AV
and
RV),
and
appears
to
have
been
favoured
by
the
translators
as
a
comprehensive
term
to
denote
a
ruler,
or
a
military
commander
of
any
unit,
whatever
its
size
might
be.
In
modern
military
language
it
means
especially
the
commander
of
a
company
of
infantry,
numbering
about
100
to
110
men,
and
is
