CAPTIVITY

quite unsuitable as a translation. It represents in OT 13 different Hebrew words. In Ezekiel it is often used for the secular head of the Messianic kingdom: 'prince' will there and often elsewhere do as a render-ing; 'officer' and 'chief will suit other passages. There are further places where none of these words will do as a translation. In the NT it translates four Greek words, and means: (1) Jn 18"«, Ac 22" a Roman military officer, a tribune of the soldiers, in command of about 1000 men, constituting the garrison of Jerusalem (hence Eev 6" lO's in a general sense); (2) Lk 22'i- »2, Ac 4' etc., the captain of the Temple, a Levite, who had under him a body of poUce, probably themselves also priests, whose duty it was to keep order in the Temple at Jerusalem and guard it by night; (3) He 21° (EV 'author') leader, initiator; (4) Ac 28i« AV 'captain of the guard' (wanting in RV), a doubtful reading and of doubtful sense. See also Aemt, § 2. A. Souter.

CAPTIVITY.— See Israel, I. 23.

CABABASION (1 Es 9*"). — A corrupt name of one of those who put away their 'strange' wives. It seems to correspond to Meremoth in Ezr lO"".

CARAVAIT. — See Trade and Commerce.

CABBITNCLE. — See Jewels and Precious Stones.

CARCAS (Est l""). — One of the seven eunuchs or chamberlains of king Ahasuerus,

OARCHEltllSH was the northern capital of the Hittite empire, but was probably also of consequence before the era of the Hittitea, as it commanded the principal ford of the Euphrates on the right bank, and was therefore indispensable to travel and commerce in Northern Syria. It was shown by George Smith to have lain on the site of the modern Jerablus or Hie-rapolis. It was an obstacle to the march of the inva-ding Egyptians about B.C. 1600. Several Assyrian con-querors attempted to capture it. It was taken finally by Sargon in e.g. 717 (cf. Is 10'), after which it became the capital of an Assyrian province. Here Nebuchad-rezzar defeated Pharaoh-necho in B.C. 605, and thus ended the latest native Egyptian regime in Asia ( Jer 46^, 2 Ch 352"). J. F. McCuRDT.

CAREFULNESS.— CorcfuZ and carefulness do not express approbation in the English of the Bible, as they do now. To be careful is to be too anxious, to worry. 'Be careful for nothing,' says St. Paul (Ph 4«), and 'I would have you without carefulness' (1 Co 7'''). Latimer says: 'Consider the remedy against carefulness, which is to trust in God.' Again, to be careless is not blame-worthy, meaning simply to be without apprehension, to feel sate, as Jg 18' ' they dwelt careless, after the manner of the Zidonians, quiet and secure.'

CARIA (S.W. of Asia Minor) is mentioned only in 1 Mac IS'' as one of the districts to which the Roman Senate sent a letter in favour of the Jews in B.C. 139-138. It was free at that date, with its inland States federated. The more important States, Rhodes, etc., are separately named. A. Souter.

CARITES occurs in the Kethlbh of the Heb. text and margin of RV in 2 S iO'^, where the'Kere has Cherethiles, and in RV of 2 K 11<, where the AV has captains (RVm executioners). The Carites were possibly Phil, mercenaries from Caria, as the Cherethites were from Crete.

CARMEL.— 1. A town in the mountains south of Hebron, in the territory of Judah (Jos 15"). Here Saul set up a memorial of his conquest of the Amalekites (1 S 15"), and here Nabal (1 S 25^) and Uzziah (2 Ch 26'" AV) had property. It was the home of Hezrai or Hezro, one of David's followers (2 S 23», 1 Ch lis'), it is identified with Kurmul, about 10 miles S.E. of Hebron. 2. Ahilly promontory by which the sea-coast of Palestine is broken, forming the south side of the bay of Acca. It continues as a ridge running in a S.E. direction, bordering the plain of Esdraelon on the S., and finally

CART, WAGON

joining the main mountain ridge of the country in the district round about Samaria. On this ridge was Jokneam, reduced by Joshua (Jos 1222). The promontory was included in the territory of Asher (19™). It was the scene of Elijah's sacrifice (1 K 18), and hither after Elijah's translation Elisha came on the way to Samaria (2 K 225). Elisha was for a time established here (.i^). The fruitfulness of Carmel is alluded to (Is 33» 35', Am V); it was wooded (Mic 7"), a fact which made it a good hiding-place (Am 9'). The head of the Shulammite is compared to Carmel (Ca 7').

The mountain seems from a very early period to have been a place of sanctity. In the hst of Tahutmes iii. of places conquered by him in Palestine, Maspero sees in one name the words Rosh Kodsu, 'holy headland,' referring to Carmel. The site was probably chosen for the sacrifice whereby the claims of Baal and Jehovah were tested, because it was already holy ground. An altar of Jehovah existed here before Elijah (1 K 18"). The traditional site is at the E. end of the ridge, but it is probably a mere coincidence that on the bank of the river Kishon just below there is a mound known as Tell el-Kasis, 'the mound of the priest.' Tacitus (.Hist. ii. 78) refers to the mountain as the site of an oracle; the Druses hold the traditional site of the sacrifice of Elijah sacred; and the mountain has given its name to the CarmeUte order of friars.

R. A. S. Macalistee.

CARMI.— 1. A Judahite,thefatherof Achan (Jos7ii«, 1 Ch 2'). 2. The Carmi of 1 Ch 4' should probably be corrected to Chelubai, i.e. Caleb (cf. 1 Ch 29- is). 3. The eponym of a Reubenite family (Gn 469, Ex 6», 1 Ch 5»), the Oarmites of Nu 26".

CARMONIANS (2 Es IS^", AV Carmanians).— A people occupying an extensive district north of the entrance to the Persian Gulf, between Persis on the west and Gedrosia on the east. They are said to have resembled the Medes and Persians in customs and language. The name survives in the present town and district of Kirman. In the above verse the reference is probably to Sapor I. (a.d. 240-273), the founder of the Sassanid dynasty, who, after defeating Valerian, overran Syria, and destroyed Antiooh.

CARNAm, 1 Mac 5™- ". u, and Camion, 2 Mac X22I. 28 (RVm Oarnain). — The ancient Ashteroth-karnaim (wh. see).

CARNELIAN.— See Agate under Jewels.

CARNION. — See Carnaim.

CAROB (Lk 16") RVm.- See Husks.

CARPENTER.— See Arts and Crafts, § 1.

CARPUS. — An inhabitant of Troas, with whom St. Paul stayed, probably on his last journey to Rome (2 Ti 4"). The name is Greek, but we have no means of proving his nationality.

CARRIAGE. — This word is always used in the AV in the Uteral sense of 'something carried,' never in the modern sense of a vehicle used for carrying. Thus Ac 211' '^e took up our carriages' (RV 'baggage').

CARSHENA. — One of the wise men or counsellors of king Ahasuerus (Est 1").

CART, WAGON.— The cart, like the chariot, is an Asiatic invention. The earliest wheeled carts show a light framework set upon an axle with solid wheels (illust. in Wilkinson, Anc. Egyp. [1878], i. 249). The type of cart in use under the Heb. monarchy may be seen in the Assyrian representation of the siege of Lachish (Layard, Monuments of Nineveh, ii. pi. 23), where women captives and their children are shown seated in wagons with a low wooden body (cf. 1 S 6"), furnished with wheels of 6 and 8 spokes. They were drawn by a pair of oxen (Nu 7^- '• *) — exceptionally by two cows (1 S 6'- '-") — yoked to a pole which passed between them, and were used for the transport of

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