CASEMENT

persona (Gn 45"") and goods (Nu i.e. )i including sheaves of grain to the threshing-floor (Am 2") . The rendering ' covered wagons ' (Nu 7') is doubtful. For the thresh-ing-wagon, see Aqbicultukb, § 3.

A. R. S. Kennedy.

CASEMENT.— Only Pr 7« AV; RV 'lattice,' as Jg 6**, where the same word is used In both places parallel to ' window.' Cf . also the Heb. text of Sir 42" ' Let there be no lattice to the room where thy daughter dwells.' See, further. House, § 7.

CASIPHIA. — A settlement In the neighbourhood of Ahava (wh. see) In North Babylonia (Ezr 8"), whose site has not been Identified. .J. F. McCtnsDY.

OASLUHIM.— A name occurring in Gn 10", 1 Ch 1" In connexion with the names of other peoples there spoken of as descended from Mizraim, esp. the Caphtorim and Philistines.

CASPHOR (1 Mac 5"- ", AV Casphon; 2 Mac 12" Caspin). — Near a large lake in Gilead. The site is unknown.

CASSIA.— 1. giddaft, Ex 30", Ezk 27i>. 2. qetsi'Slh, Ps 45'. Both these words apparently refer to some kind of cassia wood. The cassia bark from the Cinna-momum cassia is very similar in smell and properties to cinnamon (wh. see). E. W. G. Mastehman.

CASTANET. — See Music and MnsiCALlNSTHUMENTS.

CASTLE.— 1. In Gn 25«, Nu 31'», 1 Ch 6", an obsolete, if not erroneous, rendering in AV of a word denoting a nomad 'encampment' (so RV).

2. In 1 Ch 115- ' AV speaks of the 'castle' of Zion, the citadel or acropolis of the Jebusite city, but RV renders as in 2 S 5'- ' ' stronghold.' A different word (tnrah) is used of the castle or fort which in Nehemiah's day defended the Temple (Neh 2' 7'), and of the fortified royal residence of the Persian kings at Susa (Neh 1', Est 1= etc.; RV 'palace,' marg. 'castle'). The fortress in Jerusalem to which the authors of the books of Maccabees and Josephus give the name of Acra, is termed 'the castle' in 2 Mac 4" 5= lO^" AV, where RV has throughout ' citadel ' (so also 1 Mac l^^ and elsewhere). See, further, Citt, FoRTincATioN and

SlEGEOKAFT, § 4. A. R. S. KENNEDY.

CASTOR AND POLLUX.— See Dioscuri.

CAT. — This animal is mentioned only in the Apocr. (Ep. Jer V.22 [Gr. ^). There are two species of wild cat in the Holy Land.

CATERPILLAR.— See Locust.

CATHOLIC EPISTLES.— The title of 'Catholic' was given by the early Church to the seven Epistles which bear the names of James, Peter, Jude, and John. There is much uncertainty as to the meaning of the title. Perhaps the most probable explanation is that this group of Epistles was looked upon as addressed to the Church generally, while the Pauline Epistles were written to particular churches and were called forth by local circumstances.

CATHUA (1 Es 5").— One of the heads of families of Temple servants who returned with Zerubbabel from captivity. It appears to correspond to Giddel in Ezr 2"; cf. Neh 7".

CATTLE . — The word commonly used in OT is migneh, meaning primarily possessions or wealth — oxen, camels, sheep, and goats being the only wealth of peoples in a nomadic stage of civilization. It includes sometimes horses and asses, e.g. Ex 9>, Job 1'. The word is also sometimes rendered 'possessions' (.e.g. Ec 2'), 'flocks' (Ps 78"), and 'herds' (Gn47'»). For other words rendered in EV 'cattle,' see Beast. See also Ox, Sheep, Shepherd, etc. E. W. G. Mastehman.

CAUDA (AV wrongly Clauda; now Oaudho) is an island oS the S. coast of Crete. St. Paul's ship, sailing from Myra to Rome, shortly after rounding Cape Matala was making in a W.N.W. direction, when a sudden

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strong wind coming from E.N.E. drove It along at a rapid rate for about 23 miles, till it got under the lee of Cauda (Ac 27"). Such a change of wind Is frequent there at the present day. A. Souter.

CAUL.— The Eng. word 'caul' is used (1) in Is S" for a veil of net-work. (2) In Ex 29", Lv 3<- >"• '« 4» ^^ 8'«- » Q'"- '» for the fatty mass at the opening of the liver (wb. see). (3) In Hos 13' for the pericardium.

CAUSEY. — This Eng. word was used in the original edition of AV in 1 Ch 26"- ", and in the margin of Pr 15" and Is 7». It is now found only in Pr 15" marg., being changed in modern editions in the other places into causeway. The Heb. word is literally 'a raised way,' and is used of a public road, but never of a street in a city. The word 'causey' is still used in Scotland for the raised footpath by the side of a road or street.

CATE. — The soft limestone hills of Palestine abound in caves, natural and artificial; and these must have attracted attention from a very early period. The aboriginal race of Horites were cave-dwellers, and the excavation at Gezer has revealed remains of a probably analogous race in W. Palestine. Lot (Gn 19'") and David (1 S 22' etc.) dwelt for a time in caves; and their use as places of hiding and refuge Is Ulustrated by many passages, e.g., Jos 10", Jg 6^, 1 K 18' etc. Caves were also used, at all periods in the history of Palestine, for sepulture, as in the case of Machpelah (Gn 23). Probably the most remarkable series of caves yet discovered in Palestine are the great labyrinths tunnelled in the hills round Beit Jibrin; one of these, in Tell Sandahannak, contains sixty chambers, united by doors and passages, and groups containing fourteen or fifteen chambers are quite common in the same hill. Another artificial cave near Beit Jibrin contains a hall 80 ft. high and 400 ft. long; it has now fallen in. Other groups of caves, only less extensive, occur in various parts of Palestine on both sides of the Jordan. Little or nothing is known about the history of these great excavations; no definite information about their origin has yet been yielded by them, so far as they have been scientifically explored. R. A. S. Maoaijster.

CEDAR (erez). — The finest of the trees of Lebanon, the principal constituent of its 'glory' (Is 35= 60"); it was noted for its strength (Ps 29'), its height (2 K IG^") and its majesty (1 K 4", 2 K 14', Zee ll'- '). Its wood was full of resin (Ps 104"), and, largely on that account, was one of the most valuable kinds of timber for building, especially for internal fittings. It was exceedingly durable, being not readily infected with worms, and took a high polish (cf. 1 K 10", Ca 1", Jer 22"). It was suitable, too, for carved work (Is 44"- "). In all these respects the ' cedar of Lebanon' (Cedrus Libani) answers to the requirements. Though but a dwarf in comparison with the Indian cedar, it is the most magnificent tree in Syria; it attains a height of from 80 to 100 feet, and spreads out its branches horizontally so as to give a beautiful shade (Ezk 31'); it is evergreen, and has characteristic egg-shaped cones. The great region of this cedar is now the Cilician Taurus Mountains beyond Mersina, but small groves survive in places in the Lebanon. The most famous of these Is that at Kadisha, where there are upwards of 400 trees, some of great age. In a few references erez does not mean the Cedrus Libani, but some other conifer. This is specially the case where ' cedar-wood ' is used in the ritual of cleansing after defilement by contact with a leper (Lv 14<) or a dead body (Nu 19'). Prob-ably erez here is a species of juniper, Juniperus Sabina, which grows in the wilderness. The reference in Nu 24' to 'cedar trees beside the waters' can hardly apply to the Lebanon cedar, which fiourishes best on bare mountain slopes, E. W. G. Mastehman.