CEDRON

OEDBON.— See Kidhon.

CEILED, OEILIKCr. — See Cieled, Ciblinq.

CELLAR.— See House.

CENCHBEiE (AV Cenchrea Is wrong) was the southern harbour of Corinth, and was on the Saronic GuU about 7 miles E. of Corinth. It was a mere village, and existed solely for the transit of goods to and from Corinth. Thence St. Paul set sail for Syria (Ac IS'*). Phcebe, the lady commended for her service to the church here (Ro 16'). carried St. Paul's Epistle to Rome. A. Souteb.

CENDEBSiUS. — A general of Antlochus vii. Sidetes, who was given the command of the sea-coast, and sent with an army into Palestine in order to enforce the claims of Antlochus against Simon Maccabeus. In a battle which took place in a plain not tar from Modin the Jews gained a complete victory over Cendebteus, and pursued the Syrians as far as Kidron and the neigh-bourhood of Ashdod (1 Mac IS" 16»; cf. Jos. Ant. XIII. vii. 3).

CENSER. — See Firepan, Incense.

CENSUS.— See Quirintos.

CENTURION. — A centurion was a Roman military ofBcer, corresponding in the number of infantry com-manded by him (100) to the modern 'captain,' but In his status like our non-commissioned ofBcers. The passage to the higher ranks was even more difficult in his case than it is amongst our non-commissioned officers. However, the chief centurion of a legion, known as the 'centurion of the first (chief) pike,' was sometimes promoted to the equestrian order. The Capernaum centurion (Mt 8'-", Lk T^-'") was probably in Herod's army, not in the Roman army strictly so called. Some of those mentioned in the NT were on special service in command of their units, and separated from the cohorts or legions of which they formed a part.

A. Souteb.

CEPHAS.— See Peter.

OHABRIS. — One of the three rulers of Bethulia (Jth 6" 81° 10«).

OHADIASAI (AV 'they of Chadias', 1 Es S".)— They are mentioned as returning, to the number of 422, with Zerubbabel. There are no corresponding names In the lists of Ezra and Nehemiah.

CHOREAS (AV Chereaa) held command at the fortress of Gazara, i.e. probably Jazer In the trans-Jordanic territory (see 1 Mac 5'-'). He was slain upon the capture of Gazara by Judas Maccabseus (2 Mac

CHAFF. — See Aghiculturb, § 3.

CHAIN is used in two different senses. 1. Cnains for securing prisoners are denoted by a variety of words in OT and NT, which are also rendered by ' bonds ' or 'fetters,' although the monuments show that ropes were more generally used for this purpose. 2. A chain of precious metal was worn as a sign of rank, as by Joseph and Daniel, or purely as an ornament. See Ornaments, § 2. A. R. S. Kennedy.

CHALCEDONY. — See Jewels and Precious Stones.

CHALD.SiA, CHALD.a:ANS.— The Heb. Kasdim is generaUy rendered 'Chaldees' (Gn 11*'), and in Jer som 61" 2*> 25'2, and often, is used for 'Babylonian.' The word is derived from the Bab. name KaldU for the district S.E. of Babylonia proper, on the sea-coast as it then was. From B.C. 1000 onwards its capital was Bit Yakin. The people were Aramaeans, independent and aggressive. In the time of Babylonian weakness they pushed into the country, and Merodach-baladan was a Chaldaean usurper. Nabopolassar was also a Chaldsean, and, from his time, Chaldaea meant Baby-lonia. The Chaldseans were Semites and not the same as the Kashdu, Kashshu, or Kassltes, who conquered

CHAMPAIGN

Babylonia, and ruled it from the 13th cent. B.C. onwards, but they came through, and probably had absorbed a part of, the country to which the Kassltes had already assured the name Kashda.

The name as applied since Jerome to the Aramaic portions of Daniel and Ezra is incorrect. The use of the term 'Chaldsean' (Dn 1< and often) to denote a class of astrologers is not found in native sources, but arose from a transfer of a national name to the Baby-lonians in general, and occurs in Strabo, Diodorus, etc. It can hardly be older than Persian times.

C. H. W. Johns.

CHALK-STONES (Is 27» only).— The expression is of much interest, as showing that the practice of burn-ing limestone and slaking with water was followed in Pal. in OT times.

CHALLENGE.— To 'challenge' in the language of AV is to daim, as in Golding's tr. of Calvin's Joh, p. 578; ' lob neuer went about to challenge such perfection, as to haue no sinne in him.' The word occurs in Ex 22», in the heading of Is 45 'By his omnipotency he chal-lengeth obedience/ and in Job 3' AVm.

CHALPHI (AV Calphi). — The father of Judas, one of the two captains of Jonathan Maccabeeus who stood firm in a battle fought against the Syrians at Hazor in N. GalUee (1 Mac 11").

CHAMBER. — Now obsolescent, is used by AV in a variety of connexions where modern usage employs 'room,' as e.g. 'bed-chamber,' 'upper chamber,' etc. See, generally. House. For the Temple chambers, see Temple.

CHAMBERLAIN. — In OT the word occurs in 2 K 23" and repeatedly in Est., where the original is 'eunuch' (sorts); but it is generally believed that this name is not to be taken always in a literal sense, and hence it is often rendered by the word 'ofiicer.' In Esther, however, the chamberlain evidently belongs to that class of persons who are entrusted with the watchful care of the harems of Oriental monarchs. In NT at Ac 12™ it is said that the people of Tyre and Sidon sought the favour of Herod Agrippa through the mediation of Blastus 'the king's chamberlain,' showing that the office was one of considerable influence. The word occurs again in AV in Ro lO^s, but is rendered in RV more accurately 'treasurer of the city.'

CHAMBERS OF THE SOUTH.— See Stabs.

CHAMELEON. — Thechameleon (CftaTTWsicontiirfffaris) is a very common Palestine lizard. It may be found on hot days clinging with its bird-like feet and prehensile tail to the trees, or passing with slow and deliberate walk over the ground . It is remarkable tor its marvellous protective gift of changing the colour of its skin to resemble its surroundings, and for its eyes which, moving independently, one looking backwards while the other looks to the front, give it an unusual range of vision. Even to-day it is supposed by the ignorant, as in olden times, to live' upon air. In reality it lives on small insects, catching them by means of its long sticky tongue, which it can protrude and withdraw with extra-ordinary quickness. Two words In Lv 11™ are rendered ' chameleon' in the Eng. versions. In the A V kSach is so translated, but in the RV we have 'land CTOCodile' (see Lizaed); while in the RV Hnshemeth — 'mole' in AV — is tr. 'chameleon.' Both renderings are very un-certain. See Mole. E. W. G. Mastehman.

CHAMOIS (zemer, Dt. 14S).— The tr. of zemer as 'chamois' in EV and as 'camelopard,' i.e. giraffe. In LXX, are both certainly incorrect, as neither of these animals occurs in Palestine. Tristram suggests the wild sheep, Ovis tragelaphus, an animal about 3 feet high with long curved horns. It is well known to the Bedouin. E. W. G. Masterman.

CHAMPAIGN.— This spelling in modern editions of AV has replaced champion (Dt 11»", Jth 5') and chatn-

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