DAMNATION
3.
NT
references.
—
Damascus
appears
only
in
con-nexion
witti
St.
Paul.
Here
took
place
his
miraculous
conversion
(Ac
9.
22.
26)
with
the
well-known
attendant
circumstances,
and
his
escape
from
Aretas
(wh.
see),
the
governor,
by
being
lowered
in
a
basket
over
the
wall
(Ac
925,
2
Co
1132-
33),
and
hither
he
returned
after
his
Arabian
retirement
(Gal
1").
4.
Later
history.
—
^Thelateextra-Biblicalhistory
is
very
complicated.
In
333
B.C.,
after
the
battle
of
Issus,
the
city
was
surrendered
to
Pannenio,
the
general
of
Alexander
the
Great,
and
during
the
subseauent
Graeco-Egyptian
wars
it
fell
more
than
once
into
the
hands
of
the
Ptolemys.
In
in
B.C.,
on
the_
partition
of
Syria
between
Antiochus
Grypus
and
A.
Cyzicenus,
the
latter
obtained
possession
of
the
city.
_
His
successor,
Demetrius
Eucserus,
invaded
Palestine
in
88
B.C.
and
defeated
Alexander
Jannseus
at
Shechem.
His
brother,
who
succeeded
him,
waa
driven
out
JDy
the
Arabian
Haritha
(Aretas).
For
a
while
it
remained
in
Arab
hands,
then,
after
a
temporary
occupation
by
Tigranes,
king
of
Armenia,
it
was
conquered
by
Metellus,
the
B,oma]i
general.
It
was
a
city
of
the
DecapoUs.
The
great
temple
of
the
city
was
by
one
of
the
early
Christian
emperora—
probably
Theodosius
—
transformed
into
a
church.
It
IS
now
the
principal
mosque
of
the
city,
but
was
partly
destroyed
by
fire
in
1893.
Since
635
Damascus
has
been
aMuslim
city,
though
governed
from
time
to
time
by
different
tribes
ajid
dynasties
of
that
faith.
It
was
conquered
by
the
Seljuks
m
1075.
The
Crusaders
never
succeeded
in
making
a
strong
position
for
themselves
in
the
city.
In
1860
about
6000
Christians
were
massacred
by
the
Muslim
Eopulation
of
the
city.
Few
remains
of
antiquity
are
to
e
seen
in
the
modem
city,
which
is
attractive
principally
for
its
undiluted
Oriental
life
and
its
extensive
markets
and
bazaats.
The
mosque
just
mentioned,
a
mediaeval
castle,
and
part
of
the
ancient
walls,
are
the
principal
relics.
Of
course,
there
are
the
usual
traditional
sites
of
historical
events,
but
these
aro
not
more
trustworthy
at
Damascus
than
anywhere
else
in
Syria
and
Palestine.
R.
A.
S.
Macalisteb.
DAMNATION.—
The
words
'damn,'
'damnable,'
and
'
damnation
'
have,
through
their
use
in
the
literature
of
theology,
come
to
express
condemnation
to
ever-lasting
punishment.
But
in
the
English
Bible
they
mean
no
more
than
is
now
expressed
by
'condemn'
or
'condemnation.'
In
some
places
a
better
translation
than
'condemnation'
is
'judgment,'
as
in
Jn
5^'
'the
resurrection
of
damnation'
(Gr.
krisis,
RV
'judgment
').
See
Judgment.
DAN.
—
According
to
the
popular
tradition,
Dan
was
the
fifth
son
of
Jacob,
and
full
brother
of
Naphtali,
by
Bilhah,
Rachel's
handmaid
(Gn
30^
').
Rachel,
who
had
no
children,
exclaimed
^dananni'
('God
hath
judged
me'),
and,
therefore,
he
was
called
Dan.
As
in
the
case
of
so
many
names,
this
is
clearly
a
'
popular
etymology.'
It
is
probable
that
Dan
was
an
appellative,
or
titular
attribute,
of
some
deity
whose
name
has
not
come
down
to
us
in
connexion
with
it,
or
it
may
even
be
the
name
of
a
god
as
Gad
was
(cf.
the
Assyr.
proper
names
Ashur-dan
['
Ashur
is
judge'],
Aku-dana
['the
moon-god
is
judge']
of
the
period
of
Hammurabi).
Its
feminine
counterpart
is
Dinah
(Jacob's
daughter
by
Leah),
which
as
the
name
of
the
half-sister
of
Dan
is
probably
reminiscent
of
some
related
clan
that
early
lost
its
identity.
Of
this
eponymous
ancestor
of
the
tribe
tradition
has
preserved
no
details,
but
some
of
the
most
interesting
stories
of
the
Book
of
Judges
tell
of
the
exploits
of
the
Oanite
Samson,
who,
single-handed,
wrought
discomfiture
in
the
ranks
of
the
Philistines.
These
are
heroic
rather
than
historical
tales,
yet
suggestive
of
the
conditions
that
prevailed
when
the
tribes
were
estabUshing
them-selves.
P
makes
Dan
a
large
tribe.
With
his
characteristic
love
of
large
numbers
he
gives
the
fighting
strength
of
Dan
in
the
Wilderness
census
as
62,700,
more
than
that
of
any
other
except
Judah
(Nu
1";
cf
.
26",
Moab
census).
All
the
other
data
point
in
the
opposite
direction.
J
(Jg
18")
speaks
of
it
as
a
'
family
'
;
elsewhere
Dan
is
said
to
have
had
only
one
son,
Hushim
or
Shuham
(Gn
46^8,
Nu
26'2).
The
tribe
at
first
occupied
the
hill-country
DANIEL
in
the
S.
W.
of
Ephraim,
and
thence
attempted
to
spread
out
into
the
valleys
of
Aijalon
and
Sorek.
That
it
ever
reached
the
sea,
either
here
or
in
its
later
northern
home,
is
unlikely,
notwithstanding
the
usual
inter-pretation
of
Jg
5",
a
passage
which
yields
no
wholly
satisfactory
meaning.
(But
see
Moore,
Jiulges,
ad
loc).
In
this
region
the
Danites
were
severely
pressed
by
the
'
Amoritea
'
=
(Canaanites).
The
major
portion
were
com-pelled
to
emigrate
northward,
where
they
found
at
the
foot
of
Mt.
Hermon
an
isolated
city,
Laish
or
Leshem,
situated
in
a
fertile
tract
of
country
(Jos
19",
Jg
18).
This
city
with
its
unsuspecting
inhabitants
the
Danites
ruthlessly
destroyed.
A
new
city
was
built,
to
which
they
gave
the
name
of
Dan.
In
this
colony
there
were
only
600
armed
men
with
their
families.
On
their
way
thither
they
induced
the
domestic
priest
of
an
Ephraimite,
Micah,
to
accompany
them
with
his
sacred
paraphernalia,
an
ephod,
a
graven
and
a
molten
image,
and
the
teraphim.
These
were
duly
installed
in
a
permanent
sanctuary,
in
which
the
descendants
of
Moses
are
said
to
have
ministered
until
the
Captivity
(Jg
18s»).
That
the
remnant
of
the
family
left
in
the
South
was
either
destroyed
by
its
enemies,
or,
more
likely,
absorbed
by
the
neighbouring
tribes,
is
made
probable
by
Jg
l^s,
which
ascribes
the
victory
over
their
enemies
to
the
'house
of
Joseph.'
Gn
49"
says
'
Dan
shall
be
a
serpent
in
the
way,
an
adder
in
the
path
'
;
and
Dt
33^2,
'
Dan
is
a
lion's
whelp,'
etc.
These
characterizations
are
more
applicable
to
a
small
tribe
of
guerilla
fighters,
versed
in
cunning
strategy,
wont
to
strike
a
quick
blow
from
ambush
at
a
passing
troop,
than
they
are
to
the
more
sustained
measures
of
warfare
of
a
large
and
powerful
body.
See
also
Tribes.
James
A.
Gbaiq.
DAN.
—
A
city
in
northern
Palestine,
once
called
Laish
(Jg
18»)
or
Leshem
(Jos
19"),
though
the
ancient
record
of
the
battle
of
four
kings
against
five
gives
the
later
name
(Gn
14").
It
was
a
city
remote
from
assist-ance,
and
therefore
fell
an
easy
prey
to
a
band
of
maraud-ing
Danites,
searching
for
a
dwelling-place.
It
was
in
the
north
boundary
of
Palestine.
The
story
of
the
Danites
stealing
the
shrine
of
Micah
is
told
to
account
for
its
sanctity,
which
Jeroboam
i.
recognized
by
setting
up
here
one
of
his
calf-shrines
(1
K
12^9).
It
was
perhaps
the
same
as
Dan-jaan,
one
of
the
borders
of
Joab's
census
district
(2
S
24«).
It
was
captured
by
Ben-hadad
(IK
15™).
It
is
identified
with
Tell
el-Kadi
on
account
of
the
similarity
of
meaning
of
the
names
(Arabic
kadi
=
Hebrew
dan='}udge')
—
a
very
dangerous
ground
for
such
speculations.
The
site,
however,
would
suit
the
geographical
context
of
the
narratives.
R.
A.
S.
Macalisteb.
DANCING.—
See
Games.
DANIEL.
—
1.
Two
passages
in
the
Book
of
Ezekiel
(14U-S0
28'),
written
respectively
about
b.c.
592
and
587,
mention
a
certain
Daniel
as
an
extraordinarily
righteous
and
wise
man,
belonging
to
the
same
class
as
Noah
and
Job,
whose
piety
availed
with
God
on
behalf
of
their
unworthy
contemporaries.
All
three
evidently
belonged
to
the
far-distant
past
:
Ezeklel's
readers
were
familiar
with
their
history
and
character.
Daniel,
oc-cupying
the
middle
place,
cannot
be
conceived
of
as
the
latest
of
them.
He
certainly
was
not
a
younger
man
than
the
prophet
who
refers
to
him,
as
the
hero
of
the
Book
of
Daniel
would
have
been.
For
Dn
l'-'
makes
the
latter
to
have
been
carried
into
captivity
in
b.c.
606,
a
mere
decade
prior
to
Ezk
14.
2.
See
Abigail.
3.
A
priest
who
accompanied
Ezra
from
Babylon
to
Jerusalem
(Ezr
8^,
Neh
10«).
He
was
head
of
his
father's
house,
and
traced
bis
descent
from
Ithamar.
At
1
Es
829
the
name
is
spelled
Gamdus
or
Gamael,
which
probably
rests
on
a
corrupt
Heb.
text.
Driver
(.Daniel,
p.
xviii.)
notes
that
amongst
his
contemporaries
were
'a
Hananiah
(Neh
10"),
a
Mishael
(8'),
and
an
Azariah
(10^);
but
the
coincidence
is
probably
acci-
