DANIEL,
BOOK
OF
dental.'
It
is,
however,
quite
as
likely
that
the
author
of
Dn.
borrowed
the
three
names
from
Nehemiah.
J.
Taylor.
DANIEL,
BOOK
OF.—
1.
Authorship
and
Date.—
The
first
six
chapters
of
this
book
contain
a
series
of
narratives
which
tell
of
(o)
the
fidelity
of
Daniel
and
his
friends
to
their
religion,
and
(6)
the
incomparable
superiority
of
their
God
to
the
deities
of
Babylon.
The
remaining
six
chapters
relate
four
visions
seen
by
Daniel
and
the
interpretation
of
them.
Chs.
1-6
speak
of
Daniel
in
the
third
person;
in
7-12
he
is
the
speaker
(yet
see
7'
10').
But
both
parts
are
from
the
same
pen,
and
the
pH^A
facie
impression
is
that
of
an
autobiog-raphy.
Porphyry
argued
against
this
in
the
3rd
cent.
A.D.,
and
it
is
now
generally
abandoned,
for
such
reasons
as
the
following:
(1)
In
the
Jewish
Canon
Dn.
stands
in
the
third
division,
'
the
Writings.'
Had
it
been
the
production
of
a
prophet
of
the
6th
cent,
it
would
have
been
put
in
the
second
division,
'the
Prophets.'
(2)
Neither
the
man
nor
the
book
is
mentioned
in
the
list
of
Sir
44-50
(c.
B.C.
200):
and
Sir
491^
seems
to
have
been
written
by
one
who
was
not
acquainted
with
the
story.
(3)
There
is
no
reason
for
believing
that
a
collection
of
sacred
writings,
including
Jer.,
had
been
formed
in
the
reign
of
Darius,
as
is
implied
in
Dn
9^.
(4)
The
Heb.
of
Dn.
is
of
a
later
type
than
even
that
of
Chronicles.
The
Aramaic
is
a
West-Syrian
dialect,
not
in
use
at
the
Bab.
court
in
the
6th
century.
More
Persian
words
are
employed
than
a
Heb.
author
would
be
familiar
with
at
the
close
of
the
Bab.
empire.
In
a
document
composed
prior
to
the
Macedonian
conquest
we
should
not
have
found
the
three
Greek
words
which
are
here
used.
(5)
There
are
inaccuracies
which
a
contemporary
would
have
avoided.
It
is
doubtful
whether
Nebuchadnezzar
besieged
Jerusalem
in
B.C.
606
(1'-
').
The
name
'Chaldaeans'
as
designating
the
learned
class
is
a
later
usage
(2^).
Belshazzar
was
not
'the
king'
(5>),
nor
was
Neb.
his
ancestor
(S^-
").
Darius
the
Mede
never
'
received
•
the
kingdom'
(5").
Xerxes
did
not
follow
Artaxerxes
(11^)
but
preceded
him.
(6)
The
relations
between
Syria
and
Egypt,
from
the
4th
to
the
2nd
cents,
b.c,
are
described
with
a
fulness
of
detail
which
differentiates
Dn
7.
11
from
all
OT
prophecy;
see
the
precision
with
which
the
reign
of
Antiochus
Epiphanes
is
related
in
ch.
11;
the
events
from
323-175
occupy
16
verses;
those
from
175-164
take
up
25;
at
v.*"
the
lines
become
less
definite,
because
this
is
the
point
at
which
the
book
was
written;
at
V."
prediction
begins,
and
the
language
no
longer
,
corresponds
with
the
facts
of
history.
There
can
be
little
doubt
that
Dn.
appeared
about
b.c.
166.
Its
object
was
to
encourage
the
faithful
Jews
to
adhere
to
their
religion,
in
the
assurance
that
God
would
inter-vene.
The
unknown
writer
was
intensely
sure
of
the
truths
in
which
he
beUeved:
to
him
and
to
his
readers
the
historical
setting
was
but
a
framework.
Not
that
he
invented
the
stories.
We
saw
in
the
preceding
article
that
the
exiled
Jews
knew
of
a
Daniel,
famous
for
piety
and
wisdom.
Round
his
name,
in
the
course
of
the
ages,
stories
illustrative
of
these
qualities
had
gathered,
and
the
author
of
our
book
worked
up
the
material
afresh
with
much
skUl.
2.
Language,
Unity,
Theology.—
(1)
From
2<'>
to
7M
is
in
AroTnaic.
Four
explanations
have
been
offered
:
(a)
This
section
was
originally
written
in
Aramaic,
about
B.C.
300,
and
incorporated,
with
additions,
into
the
work
of
166.
(6)
The
corresponding
portion
of
a
Heb.
original
was
lost
and
its
place
filled
by
an
already
current
Aram,
translation,
(c)
The
author
introduced
the
'Chaldees'
as
speaking
what
he
supposed
was
their
language,
and
then
continued
to
write
it
because
it
was
more
famiUar
than
Heb.
to
himself
and
his
readers.
(d)
The
likeliest
suggestion
is
that
the
entire
book
was
Aramaic,
but
would
not
have
found
admission
into
the
Canon
if
it
had
not
been
enclosed,
so
to
speak,
in
a
frame
of
Heb.,
the
sacred
language.
DARIUS
(2)
The
unity
of
the
book
has
been
impugned
by
many
critics,
but
it
is
now
generally
agreed
that
the
question
is
settled
by
the
harmony
of
view
and
consistency
of
plan
which
bind
the
two
halves
together.
The
text
has
suffered
more
or
less
in
l^"-
»
6™
7^
9'-'°
10<-
'•
'
10™-
112
121H..
(3)
The
theological
features
are
what
might
be
expected
in
the
2nd
cent.
B.C.
Eschatology
is
prominent.
The
visions
and
their
interpretations
all
culminate
in
the
final
establishment
of
the
Kingdom
of
God.
And
in
this
connexion
it
should
be
mentioned
that
Dn.
is
the
earliest
example
of
a
fully
developed
Apocalypse.
The
doctrine
of
the
Resurrection
is
also
distinctly
asserted
:
individuals
are
to
rise
again;
not
all
men,
or
even
all
Israelites,
but
the
martyrs
and
the
apostates.
At
no
earlier
period
is
there
such
an
angelology.
Watchers
and
holy
ones
determine
the
destinies
of
an
arrogant
king.
Two
angels
have
proper
names,
Gabriel
and
Michael.
To
each
nation
a
heavenly
patron
has
been
assigned,
and
its
fortunes
here
depend
on
the
struggle
waged
by
its
representative
above.
3.
Text.
—
The
early
Church
set
aside
the
LXX
in
favour
of
the
less
paraphrastic
version
of
Theodotion.
In
both
translations
are
found
the
Additions
to
Daniel.
(1)
67
verses
are
inserted
after
3^^,
consisting
of
(a)
the
Prayer
of
Azarias.
(P)
details
concerning
the
heating
of
the
furnace,
(7)
the
Benedicite.
These
teach
the
proper
frame
of
mind
for
all
confessors,
and
dilate
on
the
miraculous
element
in
the
Divine
deliverance.
(2)
The
History
of
Susanna,
which
demonstrates
God's
protection
of
the
unjustly
accused
and
illustrates
the
sagacity
in
judgment
of
the
youth
who
is
rightly
named
Daniel,
'El
is
my
judge.'
(3)
Bel
and
the
Dragon,
two
tracts
which
expose
the
imbecility
of
idolatry,
and
bring
out
Daniel's
cleverness
and
God's
care
for
His
servant
in
peril.
Swete
(Introd.
to
OT
in
Greek,
p.
260)
rightly
remarks
that
internal
evidence
appears
to
show
that
(1)
and
(2)
originally
had
a
separate
circulation.
J.
Taylor.
DAN-JAAN.
—
Joab
and
his
officers
in
taking
the
census
came
'to
Dan-jaan
and
round
about
to
Zidon'
(2
S
24«).
No
such
place
is
mentioned
anywhere
else
in
OT,
and
it
is
generally
assumed
that
the
text
is
corrupt.
It
has
indeed
been
proposed
to
locate
Dan-jaan
at
a
ruin
N.
of
Achzib
which
is
said
to
bear
the
name
Khan
Danidn;
but
this
identification,
although
accepted
by
Conder,
has
not
made
headway.
The
reference
is
more
probably
to
the
city
of
Dan
which
appears
so
frequently
as
the
northern
limit
of
the
kingdom.
D
ANNAH
(Jos
1
5")
.
—
A
town
of
Judah
mentioned
next
to
Debir
and
Socoh.
It
was
clearly
in
the
mountains
S.W.
of
Hebron,
probably
the
present
Idhnah.
DAPHNE.
—
A
place
mentioned
in
2
Mae
i^'
to
which
Onlas
withdrew
for
refuge,
but
from
which
he
was
decoyed
by
Andronicus
and
treacherously
slain.
It
is
the
mod.
Beit
el-Md
('House
of
Waters')
about
5
miles
from
Antioch.
Daphne
was
famous
for
its
fountains,
its
temple
in
honour
of
Apollo
and
Diana,
its
oracle,
and
its
right
of
asylum.
(See
Gibbon,
Decline
and
Fall,
c.
xxiii.)
DARA
(1
Ch
2").—
See
Darda.
DARDA.
—
Mentioned
with
Ethan
the
Ezrahite,
Heman,
and
Calcol
as
a
son
of
Mahol,
and
a
proverbial
type
of
wisdom,
but
yet
surpassed
by
Solomon
(1
K
4>i).
In
1
Ch
26
apparently
the
same
four
(Dara
is
probably
an
error
for
Darda)
are
mentioned
with
Zimri
as
sons
of
Zerah,
the
son
of
Judah
by
Tamar
(Gn
38™).
See
also
Mahol.
DARIC—
See
Money,
§
3.
DARIUS.
—
1.
Son
of
Hystaspes,
king
of
Persia
(B.C.
521-485),
well
known
from
the
classical
historian
Herodotus,
and,
for
the
early
part
of
his
reign,
from
his
own
tri-lingual
inscription
on
the
rocks
at
Behistun.
