EUERGETES

ourselves' — thus showing that the word does not mean ' perceive ' but ' discriminate.' ' Body ' is left undefined, including, as it apparently does, the mystical body which the unworthy despise in the Church of God, the sacramental elements which they dishonour by profane use, and the sacrifice of Christ with which they reject communion, thereby becoming guilty in respect of each

(VV.21- 22. 26. 27).

6 . Both passages express what is implicit in the division of the sacrament into two kinds. It is the body and blood as separated in death through which communion is attained. In 1 Co 10>», by placing the cup first, as in St. Luke's account of the institution, St. Paul emphasizes the sacrificial death of Christ as a necessary element in the Eucharistic feast. The Epistle to the Hebrews shows that access to the Holy Place is gained through the offered body and sprinkled blood (He lO"-^); St. John, that union with Christ is found in that Living Bread which implies death because it is flesh and blood (Jn 652-58). Commenting on the unique phrase 'drink his blood,' Westcott says that to Jewish ears the idea conveyed is the appropriation of 'life sacrificed' (see note on 6" in Gospd ace. to St. John). There is nothing to warrant the medi£Eval inference that the phrase 'flesh and blood' is equivalent to 'personality,' and that therefore 'the whole Christ' is sacramentally present in the Eucharistic elements. But it does imply vital union with Him who became dead and is alive for evermore (Rev 1"), a Lamb 'as though it had been slain' (5«), a Priest upon His throne (Zee 6'=; cf. He 8'), who through the one offering of Himself has perfected for ever (10") those that come to God through Him.

7 . In conclusion, however, it must be frankly admitted that, while one view of the sacrament may seem on the whole to express more fully than others the general tenor of NT teaching on the subject, none of the ex-planations which have divided Christendom since the 16th cent., not even the theory of transubstantiation when precisely defined, can be regarded as wholly Inconsistent with the language of Scripture.

J. G. Simpson.

EUERGETES (Prol. to Sirach).— See Benefactob.

EtmiENES n.— The king of Pergamus, to whom Rome gave a large slice of the territory of Antiochus m., king of Syria (b.c. 190), including, not 'India' (1 Mac 8«-«), but the greater part of Asia north of the Taurus (Liv. xxxvii. 44). J. Taylok.

EUNICE.— The Jewish mother of Timothy (2 Ti l^, Ac 16'), married to a Gentile husband, and dwelling at Lystra. She had given her son a careful religious training, but had not circumcised him.

A. J. Maclean.

EUNUCH. — In the proper sense of the word a eunuch is an emasculated human being (Dt 23'), but it is not absolutely certain that the Heb. sSrls always has this signification, and the uncertainty is reflected in our Eng. tr., where 'officer' and 'chamberlain' are frequently found. It is interesting to note that the group of scholars who rendered Jeremiah for' the AV adhered to 'eunuch' throughout: unhappily the Revisers have spoiled the symmetry by conforming Jer 5225 to 2 K 25'». The following reasons, none of which is decisive, have been advanced in favour of some such rendering of saris as 'officer' or 'chamberlain.' 1. That Potiphar (Gn 37») was married. But actual eunuchs were not precluded from this (see Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 24; Juv. vi. 366; Sir 20* 302» etc.). And the words in Gn 39> which identify Joseph's first master with the husband of his temptress are an interpolation. 2 . That in 2 K 25" etc. 'eunuchs' hold military commands, whereas they are generally unwarlike (.imbelles, Juv. I.e.). But there have been competent commanders amongst them. 3. That the strict meaning cannot be insisted on at Gn 402. '. Yet even here it is admissible.

EURAQUILO

The kings of Israel and Judah imitated their powerful neighbours in employing eunuchs (1) as guardians of the harem (2 K 9=2, Jer 41i8); Est 1'2 41 are instances of Persian usage; (2) in military and other important posts (1 S 8'5, 1 K 22s, 2 K 85 23" 24i2- « 26", 1 Ch 28', 2 Ch 185, Jer 292 34" 38'; cf. Gn 375' 402- 7, Ac 82'. Dn 1» does not of necessity imply that the captives were made eunuchs). For the services rendered at court by persons of this class and the power which they often acquired, see Jos. Ant. xvi. viii. 1. But their acquisitions could not remove the sense of degradation and loss (2 K 20»5, Is 39'). Dt 23' excluded them from public worship, partly because self-mutilation was often performed in honour of a heathen deity, and partly because a maimed creature was judged unfit for the service of Jahweh (Lv 212" 2224). That ban is, how-ever, removed by Is Se''- 5. Euseb. (.HE vi. 8) relates how Origen misunderstood the figurative language of Mt 19'2; Origen's own comment on the passage shows that he afterwards regretted having taken it literally and acted on it. See also Ethiopian Eunuch.

J. Taylor.

EUODIA. — This is clearly the correct form of the name, not Euodias as AV (Ph 42'), for a woman is intended. St. Paul beseeches her and Syntyche to be reconciled ; perhaps they were deaconesses at Philippi.

A. J. Maclean.

EUPATOR.— See Antiochus v.

EUPHRATES, one of the rivers of Eden (Gn 2'*), derives its name from the Assyr. Purat, which is itself taken from the Sumerian Pura, 'water,' or Pura-nun, 'the great water.' Purat became Ufrdtu in Persian, where the prosthetic vowel was supposed by the Greeks to be the word u, 'good.' In the OT the Euphrates is generally known as 'the river.' It rises in the Armenian mountains from two sources, the northern branch being called the Frat ot Kara-su, and the southern and larger branch the Murad-su (the Arsanias of ancient geography). The present length of the river is 1780 miles, but in ancient times it fell into the sea many miles to the north of its existing outlet, and through a separate mouth from that of the Tigris. The salt marshes through which it passed before entering the sea were called Marratu (Merathaim in Jer 502'), where the Aramsean Kalda or Chaldaeans lived. The alluvial plain between the Euphrates and the Tigris constituted Babylonia, the water of the annual inundation (which took place in May, and was caused by the melting of the snows in Armenia) being regulated by means of canals and barrages. The Hittite city of Carchemish stood at the point where the Euphrates touched Northern Syria, and commanded one of the chief fords over the river; south of it came the Belikh and Khabur, the last aflSuents of the Euphrates. The promise made to the Israelites that their territory should extend to 'the great river' (Gn 15'* etc.) was fulfilled through the conquests of David (2 S 8^ 10'5-'9, 1 K 421). A. H. Sayce.

EURAQUILO (Ac 27" RV).— There is some doubt as to the reading. The Greek MSS which are esteemed to be the best read Euraklyon; so do the Bohairic Version, which was made in Egypt in the 6th or 7th cent, from a MS very like these, and the Sahidic Version made in the 3rd cent. ; the Vulgate Latin revision, made towards the close of the 4th cent., reads EuroaquUo, which points to a Greek original reading Euroakylon. Our later authorities, along with the Pesh. and Hark. Syriac, read Euroclydon (so AV). No doubt Eur(o) akylon is the correct name, and the other is an attempt to get a form capable of derivation. The word is, then, a sailor's word, and expresses an E.N.E. wind, by com-pounding two words, a Greek word (euros) meaning E. wind, and a Latin word (aquUo) meaning N.E. wind. This is exactly the kind of wind which frequently arises in Cretan waters at the present day, swooping down from the mountains in strong gusts and squalls. The

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