GAD

(Ezr 212, Neh 7" 10i«). In Is 65" Gad (RV 'Fertune') and Menl are named as two demons with whom the Israelites held communion (see Meni). Gad was probably an appellative before it became a personal name for a divinity, and is of Aramaean, Arabian, and Syrian provenance, but not Babylonian. He was the god who gave good fortune (Gr. Tyche), and presided over a person, house, or mountain. W. F. Cobb.

GAD is entitled 'the seer' (1 Ch 29^), 'David's' or 'the king's seer' (1 Ch 21', 2 Ch 29!s, 2 S 24"), or 'the prophet' (1 S 22=, 2 S 24"). He is represented as having announced the Divine condemnation on the royal census, and as having advised the erection of an altar on Araunah's threshing-floor (2 S 24"^- = 1 Ch 21'''). The Chronicler again (1 Ch 29") names him as having written an account of some part of his master's reign. A late conception associated him with the prophet Nathan (2 Ch 29^) in the task of planning some of the king's regulations with reference to the musical part of the service, while (1 S 22*) he is also stated to have acted as David's counsellor in peril during the period when the two dwelt together in ' the hold.'

GAD (Valley of).— Mentioned only in 2 S 24', and there the text should read 'in the midst of the valley towards Gad,' the valley (wady) here being the Arnon (wh. see). E. W. G. Masteeman.

GADARA. — A town whose ruins (extensive, but in recent years much destroyed by the natives) bear the name of Umm Keis, about six miles S.E. of the Sea of Galilee. It was a town of the DecapoUs, probably Greek in origin, and was the chief city of Peraea. The date of its foundationisunknown, its capture by Antiochus (B.C. 218) being the first event recorded of it. It was famous for its hot baths, the springs of which still exist. The narrative of the healing of the demoniac, according to Mt 8^*, is located in the ' country of the Gadarenes,' a reading re-peated in some MSS of the corresponding passage of Lk. (8^), where other MSS read Gergesenes. The probability is that neither of these is correct, and that we ought to adopt a third reading, Gerasenes, which is corroborated by Mk 5'. This would refer the miracle not to Gadara, which, as noted above, was some distance from the Sea of Galilee, but to a more obscure place represented by the modern Kersa, on its Eastern shore.

R. A. S. Macalistee.

GADARENES.— See Gadaea.

GADDI.— The Manassite spy, Nu 13" (P).

6ADDIEL.— The Zebulunite spy, Nu 13'" (P).

GADDIS (1 Mac 2').— The surname of Johanan or John, the eldest brother of Judas Maccabaeus. The name perhaps represents the Heb. Oaddi (Nu 13"), meaning 'my fortune.'

GADI. — Father of Menahem king of Israel (2 K 15»- ").

GADITES.— See Gad (tribe).

GAHAM. — A son of Nahor by his concubine Reumah (Gn 22M).

GAHAR. — A family of Nethinira who returned with Zerub. (Ezr. 2", Neh 7"), called in 1 Es 5^' Geddur.

GAI. — Given as a proper name in RV of 1 S 17'^ 'until thou comest to Gai,' where AV has 'until thou comest to the valley.' The LXX, as is noted in RVm, has Gath, and this would suit the context.

GAIITS. — This name is mentioned in five places of NT. One Gains was St. Paul's host at Corinth, con-verted and baptized by him (Ro 16^', 1 Co 1"). He was perhaps the same as 'Gains of Derbe' who ac-companied the Apostle from Greece to Asia (Ac 20'); if so, he would be a native of Derbe, but a dweller at Corinth. The Gaius of Macedonia, St. Paul's 'com-panion in travel ' who was seized in the riot at Ephesus

GALATIA

(Ac 19"), and the Gaius addressed by St. John (3 Jn"). were probably different men. A. J. Maclean.

GALAL. — The name of two Levites (1 Ch 9W- '«, Neh 11").

GALATIA is a Greek word, derived from GalatoB, the Gr. name for the Gauls who invaded Asia Minor in the year B.C. 278-7 (Lat. Gailogroeci [='Greek Gauls'], to distinguish them from their kindred who lived in France and Northern Italy). These Gauls had been ravaging the south-eastern parts of Europe, Greece, Macedonia, and Thrace, and crossed into Asia Minor at the invitation of Nicomedes, king of Bithynia. Part of the same southward tendency appears in their move-ments in Italy and their conflicts with the Romans in the early centuries of the Republic. Those who entered Asia Minor came as a nation with wives and families, not as mercenary soldiers. After some fifty years' raiding and warring, they found a permanent settlement in north-eastern Phrygia, where the population was un-warlike. Their history down to the time of the Roman Empire is best studied in Ramsay's Bistor. Com. on Galatians, p. 45 ff. They continued throughout these two centuries to be the ruling caste of the district, greatly outnumbered by the native Phrygian population, who, though in many respects an inferior race, had a powerful influence on the religion, customs, and habits of the Gauls, as subject races often have over their conquerors. The earlier sense of the term Galalia is, then, the country occupied by the Gaulish immigrants, the former north-eastern part of Phrygia, and the term Galatm is used after the occupation to include the subject Phrygians as well as the Gaiatce strictly so called (e.g. 1 Mac 8^).

About B.c.ieothe Gauls acquired a portion of Lycaonia on their southern frontier, taking in Iconium and Lystra. About the same time also they had taken in Pessinus in the N.W. These and other expansions they ultimately owed to the support of Rome. From b.c. 64 Galatia was a client state of Rome. At the beginning of that period it was under three rulers; from b.c. 44 it was under one only. Deiotarus, the greatest of the Galatian chiefs, received Armenia Minor from Pompey in b.c. 64. Mark Antony conferred the eastern part of Paphlagonia on Castor as sole Galatian king in b.c. 40, and at the same time gave Amyntas a kingdom comprising Pisidic Phrygia and Pisidia generally. In b.c. 36, Castor's Galatian dominions and Pamphylia were added to Amyntas' kingdom. He was also given Iconium and the old Lycaonian tetrarchy, which Antony had formerly given to Polemon. After the battle of Actium in b.c. 31, Octavian conferred on Amyntas the additional country of caiicia Tracheia. He had thus to keep order for Rome on the south side of the plateau and on the Taurus mountains. He governed by Roman methods, and, when he died in b.c 25, he left his kingdom in such a state that Augustus resolved to take the greater part of it into the Empire in the stricter sense of that term, and made it into a province which he called Gaiatia. This is the second sense in which the term Galatia is used in ancient documents, namely, the sphere of duty which included the ethnic districts, Paphlagonia, Pontus Galaticus, Galatia (in the original narrower sense), Phrygia Galatica, and Lycaonia Galatica (with 'the Added Land,' part of the original Lycaonian tetrarchy). Galatia, as a province, means all these territories together, under one Roman governor, and the inhabitants of such a province, whatever their race, were, in conformity with invariable Roman custom, denominated by a name etymologically connected with the name of the province. Thus Gaiatce ('Galatians') has a second sense, in con-formity with the second sense of the term Galatia: it is used to include all the inhabitants of the province (see the first map in the above-mentioned work of Ramsay).

The word 'Galatia' occurs three times in the NT

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