GALATIANS, EPISTLE TO THE

evidently died away with the controversy about clrcum-eision. Thus it is clear that these four Epistles hang together and are to be separated chronologically from the rest.

On the S. Galatian theory, the Epistle was written from Antioch. Kamsay puts it at the end of the Second Missionary Journey (Ac IS^^). Timothy, he thinks, had been sent to his home at Lystra from Corinth, and rejoined Paul at Syrian Antioch, bringing news of the Galatian defection. Paul wrote oft hastily, despatched Timothy back with the letter, and as soon as possible followed himself (Ac IS^s). On this supposition the two visits to the Galatians implied by the Epistle would be those of Ac 13 f. and 16. The intended visit of Paul would be announced by Timothy, though it was not mentioned in the letter, which in any case was clearly written in great haste. It is certainly strange, on the Ephesus or Macedonia hsrpothesis, that Paul neither took any steps to visit the erring Galatians, nor, if he . could not go to them, explained the reason of his in-ability. Ramsay's view, however, has the disadvantage that it separates Galatians and Romans by some years. Yet if St. Paul kept a copy of his letters, he might well have elaborated his hastily sketched argument in Galatians into the treatise in Romans, at some little interval of time. Ramsay gives a.d. 53 for Galatians, the other three Epistles following in 56 and 57.

Another view is that of Weber, who also holds that Syrian Antioch was the place of writing, but dates the Epistle before the Council (see Ac li^). He agrees with Ramsay as to the two visits to Jerusalem; but he thinks that the manner of the Judaizers' attack points to a time before the Apostohc decreee. Gal 6" (' compel ') suggests that they insisted on circumcision as necessary for salvation (§ 1). If so, their action could hardly have taken place after the Council. A strong argument on this side is that St. Paul makes'no allusion to the decision of the Council. The chronological difficulty of the 14 years (2') is met by placing the conversion of St. Paul in A.D. 32. Weber thinks that S' could not have been written after the circumcision of Timothy; but this is doubtful. The two visits to the Galatians, on this view, would be those of Ac 13, on the outward and the home-ward journey respectively. The strongest argument against Weber's date is that it necessitates such a long interval between Galatians and Romans.

6. Abstract of the Epistle. — Chs. 1. 2. Answer to the Judaizers' disparagement of Paul's office and message. Narrative of his life from his conversion onwards, show-ing that he did not receive his Apostleship and his gospel through the medium of other Apostles, but direct from God.

3'-5'2. Doctrinal exposition of the freedom of the gospel, as against the legalism of the Judaizers. Abra-ham was justified by faith, not by the Law, and so are the children of Abraham. The Law was an inferior dispensation, though good for the time, and useful as educating the world for freedom ; the Galatians were bent on returning to a state of tutelage, and their present attitude was retrogressive.

513-610. Hortatory. ' Hold fast by freedom, but do not mistake it for licence. Be forbearing and liberal.'

611-18. Conclusion. Summing up of the whole in Paul's own hand, written in large characters (6" RV) to show the importance of the subject of the autograph.

6. Genuineness of the Epistle .—Until lately Galatians, Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians were universally acknowl-edged to be by St. Paul, and the Tubingen school made their genuineness the basis of their attack on the other Epistles. Lately Prof, van Manen (Encyc. Bibl. s.v. ' Paul ') and others have denied the genuineness of these four also, chiefly on the ground that they are said to quote late Jewish apocalypses, to assume the existence of written Gospels, and to quote Philo and Seneca, and because the external attestation is said to begin as late as A.D. 150. These arguments are very unconvincing.

GALILEE

the facts being improbable. And why should there not have been written Gospels in St. Paul's time? (ef. Lk 1'). As for the testimony, Clement of Rome explicitly men-tions and quotes 1 Corinthians, and his date cannot be brought down later than a.d. 100. Our Epistle is probably alluded to or cited by Barnabas, Hermas, and Ignatius (5 times); certainly by Polycarp (4 times), the Epistle to Diognetus, Justin Martyr, Melito, Athen-agoras, and the Acts of Paul and Thecla. It is found in the Old Latin and Syrian versions and in the Muratorian Fragment (c. a.d. 180-200), used by 2nd cent, heretics, alluded to by adversaries Uke Celsus and the writer of the Clementine Homilies, and quoted by name and distinctly (as their fashion was) by Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, and Tertullian, at the end of the 2nd century. But, apart from this external testimony, the spontaneous nature of the Epistle is decisive in favour of its genuineness. There is no possible motive for forgery. An anti-Jewish Gnostic would not have used expressions of deference to the Apostles of the Circumcision; an Ebionite would not have used the arguments of the Epistle against the Mosaic Law (thus the Clementine Homilies, an Ebionite work, clearly hits at the Epistle in several passages); an orthodox forger would avoid all appearance of conflict between Peter and Paul, After a.d. 70 there never was the least danger of the Gentile Christians being made to submit to the Law. There is therefore no reason for surprise that the recent attack on the authenticity of the Epistle has been decisively rejected in this country by all the best critics. A. J. Maclean.

6ALBANUM. — One of the ingredients of the sacred incense (Ex 30^*). It is a brownish-yellow, pleasant- smelling resin from various species of Ferula; it is imported from Persia. E. W. G. Mastehman.

GALEED ('cairn of vritness'). — The name which, according to Gn 31^', was given by Jacob to the calm erected on the occasion of the compact between Mm and Laban, There is evidently a characteristic attempt also to account in this way for the name GUead. The respective proceedings of Jacob and of Laban are un-certain, for the narrative is not only of composite origin, but has suffered through the introduction of glosses into the text. It is pretty certain that we should read 'Laban' instead of 'Jacob' in v.«. The LXX seeks unsuccessfully to reduce the narrative to order by means of transpositions.

GALILEE. — 1. Position. — Galilee was the province of Palestine north of Samaria. It was bounded south-ward by the Carmel range and the southern border of the plain of Esdraelon, whence it stretched eastward by Bethshean (Scythopolis, Beisan) to the Jordan. East-ward it was limited by the Jordan and the western bank of its expansions (the Sea of GaUlee and Waters of Merom). Northward and to the north-west it was bounded by Syria and Phoenicia; it reached the sea only in the region round the bay of Acca, and immedi-ately north of it. Its maximum extent therefore was somewhere about 60 miles north to south, and 30 east to west.

2. Name. — The name Galilee is of Hebrew origin, and signifies a 'ring' or 'circuit.' The name is a contraction of a fuller expression, preserved by Is 9', namely, 'Galilee of the [foreign] nations.' This was originally the name of the district at the northern boundary of Israel, which was a frontier surrounded by foreigners on three sides. Thence it spread south-ward, till already by Isaiah's time it included the region of the sea, i.e. the Sea of Galilee. Its further extension southward, to Include the plain of Esdraelon, took place before the Maccabaean period. The attributive ' of the nations ' was probably dropped about this time — partly for brevity, partly because it was brought into the Jewish State by its conquest by John Hyrcanus, about the end of the 2nd cent. B.C.

3. History.— In the tribal partition of the country

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