GALILEE, MOUNTAIN IN

the territory of Galilee was divided among the septs of Asher, Naphtali, Zebulun, and part of Issachar. In the OT history the tribal designations are generally used when subdivisions of the country are denoted; this is no doubt the reason why the name ' Galilee,' which is not a tribal name, occurs so rarely In the Hebrew Scriptures — though the passage in Isaiah already quoted, as well as the references to Kedesh and other cities 'in GalUee' (Jos 20' 2132, i k 9", 2 K IS^', 1 Ch 6"), show that the name was familiar and employed upon occasion. But though some of the most important of the historical events of the early Hebrew history took place within the borders of Galilee, it cannot be said to have had a history of its own till later times.

After the return of the Jews from the Exile, the population was concentrated for the greater part in JudEea, and the northern parts of Palestine were left to the descendants of the settlers established by Assyria. It was not till its conquest, probably by John Hyrcanus, that it was once more included in Jewish territory and occupied by Jewish settlers. Under the pressure of Egyptian and Roman invaders the national patriotism developed rapidly, and it became as intensely a Jewish State as Jerusalem itself, notwithstanding the con-tempt with which the haughty inhabitants of Judaea regarded the northern provincials. Under the Roman domination Galilee was governed as a tetrarchate, held by members of the Herod family. Herod the Great was ruler of Galilee in B.C. 47, and was succeeded by his son Antipas, as tetrarch, in B.C. 4. After the fall of Jerusalem, Galilee became the centre of Rabbinic life. The only ancient remains of Jewish synagogues are to be seen among the ruins of Galilsan cities. Mai-monides was buried at Tiberias. But it is as the prin-cipal theatre of Christ's life and work that Galilee com-mands its greatest interest. Almost the whole of His life, from His settlement as an infant in Nazareth, was spent within its borders. The great majority of the twelve Apostles were also natives of this province.

4. Physical Characteristics. — Owing to moisture derived from the Lebanon mountains, Galilee is the best-watered district of Palestine, and abounds In streams and springs, though the actual rainfall is little greater than that of Judsea. The result of this enhanced water supply is seen in the fertility of the soil, which is far greater than anywhere in Southern Palestine. It was famous for oil, wheat, barley, and fruit, as well as cattle. The Sea of Galilee fisheries were also important. The formation of the country is Ume- stone, broken by frequent dykes and outflows of trap and other volcanic rocks. Hot springs at Tiberias and elsewhere, and not infrequent earthquakes, indicate a continuance of volcanic and analogous energies.

5. Population. — Galilee in the time of Christ was inhabited by a mixed population. There was the native Jewish element, grafted no doubt on a substratum of the Assyrian settlers and other immigrants, whose in-trusion dated from the Israelite ExUe — with probably yet a lower stratum, stretching back to the days of the Canaanites. Besides these there was the cultivated European class — the inhabitants of the Greek cities that surrounded the Sea of Tiberias, and the military repre-sentatives of the dominant power of Rome. We have seen that in Judaea the Galilaeans were looked down upon. 'Can any good thing come out of Nazareth?' (Jn 1") was one proverb. 'Out of GaUlee ariseth no prophet' (y^) was another, in the face of the fact that Galilee was the home of Deborah, Barak, Ibzan, Tola, Elon, with the prophets Jonah, Elisha, and possibly Hosea. The Galilseana no doubt had provinciaUsms, such as the confusion of the gutturals in speech, which grated on the sensitive ears of the Judseans, and was one of the indications that betrayed Peter when he endeavoured to deny his disoipleship (Mt 26'^).

R. A. S. Macalistee. GALILEE, MOUNTAIN IN.— After our Lord's res-

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urrection, the eleven disciples went away from Jerusalem 'into Galilee, unto the mountain where Jesus had appointed them' (Mt 28"). No record or hint indicates to us what mountain is meant. There is no foundation for the theory that it is the Mt. of OUves, whose north point is said to have borne the name ' Galilee.'

GALILEE, SEA OP.— 1. Situation, etc.— The Sea of GalUee is an expansion of the Jordan, 13 miles long, about 8 miles in maximum breadth; its surface is 680 feet below that of the Mediterranean; its maximum depth is about 150 feet. In shape it is like a peat, the narrow end pointing southward. Like the Dead Sea, it is set deep among hiUs, which rise on the east side to a height of about 2000 feet. At the emergence of the Jordan, however, the Lake impinges on the plain of the GhOr.

2. Names. — The original name of the Sea seems to have been Chinneretb or Chinneroth, which a hazardous etymology connects with the Heb. kinnSr, 'harp.' The name is supposed to be given to the Sea on account of its fancied resemblance to such an instrument. It more probably takes its name from an as yet unrecog-nized town or district in Naphtali (which bordered the Lake on the west side) referred to in Jos 11' W^, 1 K 15^°. By this name it is referred to in assigning the border of the Promised Land (Nu 34"), in stating the boundary of the trans-Jordanic tribes (Dt 3'2, Jos 13"), and in enumerating the kings conquered by Joshua (Jos 12S). The Lake is referred to also by the name Gennesar in Josephus (always), and in 1 Mac 11" (AV). This name also is of uncertain origin; strong grounds exist for questioning its derivation as a corruption of the earlier appellation. In the Gospels it is referred to under a variety of names: besides such general terms as 'the lake' (Lk 8" etc.), or 'the sea' (Jn 6"), we find Lake of Gennesaret (only in Lk 5'), Sea of Tiberias ( Jn21i, and also as an explanatory or alternative name in Jn 6'), but most frequently Sea of Galilee, which seems to have been the normal name. The modern name is Bahr Tubanya, which is often rendered in English as 'Lake of Tiberias,' by which name the Seals now fre-quently described (as in Baedeker's Syria and Palestine).

3. Importance in NT Times.— The Sea in the time of Christ was surrounded by a number of important cities, each of them the centre of a cultured population. Such were Tiberias, Bethsaida, Capernaum, Chorazin, Mag-dala, and others. The fishing industry was extensive, and where now but a few small boats are to be seen, there evidently were formerly large fleets of fishing vessels. The fishing trade of Galilee was of great im-portance, and was renowned throughout the world. Owing to the great height of the mountains surrounding the Lake, differences of temperature are produced which give rise to sudden and violent storms. Two such storms are mentioned in the Gospels — one in Mt S^, Mk i", Lk 8» the other in Mt 14^2, Mk 6«, Jn "6". The repetition of the event within the narrow historical limits of the Gospels indicates that such tempests, then as now, were matters of frequent occurrence.

R. A. S. Macalisteb.

GALL. — (1) rdsh, some very bitter plant, Dt 29"' La 3"; 'water of gall,' Jer 8" 9»5; tr. 'hemlock,' Hos 10<; 'poison,' Job 20". Hemlock (Ctmium macula-turn), colocynth (CUruUus colocynthia), and the poppy (Papaver somniferum) have all been suggested. The last is perhaps most probable. (2) mer^ah (Job 16") and merSrah (20!«) refer to the bile. The poison of serpents was supposed to lie in their bile (20"). The gall (Gr. chole) of Mt 273« evidently refers to the LXX version of Ps 6921, where ehoB is tr. of rosh.

E. W. G. Masterman.

GALLERY.— 1. AV in Ca 7' reads 'The king is held in the galleries.' The Heb. is barehstim, which, there is no reasonable doubt, means 'in the tresses' (so RV). The king is captivated, that is to say, by