GALLEY
the
tresses
of
this
'prince's
daughter.'
2.
AV
and
RV
tr.
of
aitiq,
a
word
whose
etymology
and
meaning
are
both
obscure.
It
is
found
only
In
the
description
of
Ezekiel's
temple
(Ezk
41i'i'
42»').
GALIiET.—
See
Ships
and
Boats.
6ALLIM
Cheaps').
—
A
place
near
Jerusalem
(1
S
25").
It
is
personified,
along
with
Anathoth
and
other
towns,
In
Is
lO'".
It
is
generally
placed
to
the
N.
of
Jerusalem,
but
the
exact
site
Is
unknown.
GALLIO.
—
The
elder
brother
of
Seneca.
According
to
Acts
(18"-"),
he
was
proconsul
of
Achaia
under
the
Emperor
Claudius
a.d.
63,
when
St.
Paul
was
in
Corinth.
Seneca
mentions
that
his
brother
contracted
fever
in
Achaia,
and
thus
corroborates
Acts.
The
Jews
of
Corinth
brought
St.
Paul
before
Gallio,
charging
him
with
persuading
men
'to
worship
God
contrary
to
the
law'
(v.'3).
When,
however,
Gallio
found
that
there
was
no
charge
of
'villainy,'
but
only
of
questions
which
the
Jews
as
a
self-administering
community
were
competent
to
decide
for
themselves,
he
drove
them
from
the
judgment-seat
(v.»').
Sosthenes,
the
ruler
of
the
synagogue,
was
then
dragged
before
him
and
beaten;
but
such
'
Lynch
law'
had
no
effect
upon
the
proconsul
(v.").
Pliny
tells
us
that
Gallio
after
his
consulship
travelled
from
Rome
to
Egypt
in
consequence
of
an
attack
of
haemor-rhage
from
the
limga.
Eusebiua
quotes
Jerome
as
saying
that
he
committed
suicide
a.d.
65;
it
is
also
said
that
he
as
well
as
Seneca
was
put
to
death
by
Nero;
but
these
reports
are
unsubstantiated.
Seneca
speaks
of
him
as
a
man
of
extreme
amiability
of
character.
Chahles
T.
p.
Grierson.
GALLOWS.
—
This
word
occurs
eight
times
in
EV
in
the
Book
of
Esther
only
(5"
etc.)
as
the
rendering
of
the
ordinary
Heb.
word
for
'tree'
(see
margins).
It
is
very
doubtful
if
death
by
strangulation
is
intended
—
'
tree
'
in
all
probability
having
here
its
frequent
sense
of
'
pole,'
on
which,
as
was
customary
in
Persia,
the
criminal
was
impaled
(see
Crimes
and
Punishments,
§
10)
.
A.
R.
S.
Kennedy.
GAHAEL.—
1
Es
8»=DaiueI,
No.
3
(Ezr
8').
GAUALIEL.
—
1.
The
son
of
Pedahzur,
and
'
prince
of
the
children
of
Manasseh
'
(Nu
1>»
22",
etc.).
2.
Gamaliel
I.,
the
grandson
of
Hillel,
was
a
Pharisee,
and
regarded
as
one
of
the
most
distinguished
doctors
of
the
Law
of
bis
age.
He
was
a
member
of
the
Sanhedrin
during
the
years
of
our
Lord's
ministry.
His
views
were
tolerant
and
large-hearted
;
he
emphasized
the
humaner
side
of
the
Law,
relaxing
somewhat
the
rigour
of
Sabbatical
observance,
regulating
the
customs
of
divorce
so
as
the
more
to
protect
helpless
woman,
and
inculcating
kindness
on
the
part
of
Jews
towards
sur-rounding
heathen.
The
advice
given
by
him
to
the
chief
priests
(Ac
5'*-'°)
in
reference
to
their
dealing
with
the
Apostles
shows
similar
tolerance
and
wisdom.
At
his
feet
St.
Paul
was
brought
up
(Ac
22').
The
Clementine
Recognitions
absurdly
state
that
by
the
advice
of
the
Apostles
he
remained
among
the
Jews
as
a
secret
believer
in
Christ.
The
Mishna
deplores
that
'
with
the
death
of
Gamaliel
i.
the
reverence
for
Divine
Law
ceased,
and
the
observance
of
purity
and
piety
became
extinct."
Charles
T.
P.
Grierson.
GAMES.
—
I.
Among
the
Israelites.
—
The
Jews
were
essentially
a
serious
people.
What
in
other
nations
developed
into
play
and
games
of
various
kinds,
bad
with
them
a
seriously
practical
and
often
a
religious
character.
Their
dances
were
a
common
form
of
religious
exercise,
which
might
indeed
degenerate
into
disorderly
or
unseemly
behaviour,
but
were
only
exceptionally
a
source
of
healthy
social
amusement
(Ps
150<,
Ex
32"-
",
2
S
6"^',
Jer
31',
Ec
3<).
Music,
again,
was
especially
associated
with
sacred
song.
Its
secular
use
was
con-demned
by
Isaiah
as
a
sign
of
extravagant
luxury
(Is
5>2).
Lots
and
the
like
were
used
as
a
means
of
ascertaining
the
Divine
will,
not
for
amusement
or
profit.
Even
what
with
children
might
be
called
games
of
'
make
GAMES
believe'
became
with
some
of
the
prophets
vehicles
of
religious
instruction.
The
symbolic
object-lessons
of
Ezekiel
were
like
children's
toys
adapted
to
a
religious
purpose
(see
esp.
ch.
4).
Even
this
humour
of
the
prophets,
striking
as
it
was,
was
intensely
serious:
witness
the
scathing
ridicule
of
Phoenician
idolatry
by
Elijah
and
Deutero-Isalah
(1
K
18",
Is
4412-M
46'-
').
It
is
a
matter
of
some
dispute
whether
manly
sports
had
any
place
in
the
social
life
of
the
Israelites.
There
was
undoubtedly
some
sort
of
training
in
the
use
of
weapons,
particularly
the
sling
(among
the
Benjamites
especially)
and
the
bow,
for
the
purposes
of
warfare
and
the
chase.
We
have
a
definite
reference
to
the
custom
of
practising
at
a
mark
in
1
S
20m-
«"■,
and
there
are
several
meta-phorical
allusions
to
the
same
practice
(Job
le'^-
",
La
312).
Again,
it
has
also
been
thought
that
we
have
in
the
burdensome
stone
of
Zee
12>
an
allusion
to
a
custom
of
lifting
a
heavy
stone
either
as
a
test
of
strength
or
as
a
means
of
strengthening
the
muscles:
but
there
is
no
actual
proof
that
there
was
any
sort
of
competitive
contest
in
such
exercises.
It
may
be
suggested,
however,
on
the
other
hand,
that
the
practice
of
determining
combats
by
selected
champions,
one
or
more,
from
either
side,
which
we
read
of
in
1
S
17'»,
2
S
2'!-»,
and
the
expression
used
in
the
latter
case,
'
let
the
young
men
.
.
.
arise
and
play
before
us,'
makes
it
likely
that
friendly
tournaments
were
not
unknown.
Biddle
-guessing
is
the
one
form
of
competition
of
which
we
have
any
certain
proof.
In
Jg
l4'2-«
the
propounding
and
guessing
of
riddles
as
a
wager
appears
as
part
of
the
entertainment
of
a
marriage
feast.
The
questions
put
by
the
queen
of
Sheba
to
Solomon
prob-ably
belong
to
the
same
category
(1
K
10'-
').
Indeed,
the
propounding
of
dark
sayings'
was
a
common
element
in
proverbial
literature
(Ps
78^,
Pr
1»).
Children's
Games.
—
Games
of
play
are
so
invariable
an
element
of
child
life
among
all
peoples,
that
it
hardly
needs
proof
that
the
Israelites
were
no
exception
to
the
rule.
The
playing
of
the
boys
and
girls
in
the
streets
of
the
glorified
Jerusalem
(Zee
8')
might
indeed
mean
nothing
more
than
kitten
play;
but
fortunately
we
have
in
Mt
11"-
1|
Lk
7'"-
a
most
interesting
allusion
to
the
games
(mock-weddings
and
mock-funerals)
played
in
the
market-place
in
our
Lord's
time,
as
they
are
played
in
Palestine
at
the
present
day.
We
read
in
2
Mac
49-"
how
Jason
the
high
priest
and
the
head
of
the
Hellenizing
party,
having
bribed
Antioohus
Epiphanes
with
150
talents
of
silver,
set
up
'a
place
of
exercise'
(gymnasium)
for
the
training
up
of
youths
'in
the
practices
of
the
heathen.'
The
only
game
specifically
mentioned
is
the
discus.
There
is
also
mentioned
in
v.i*
'a
game'
that
was
held
every
fifth
year
at
Tyre
—
evidently
an
imitation
of
the
Olympic
games.
Later,
Herod
the
Great
appears
from
Josephus
(.Ant.
xv.
viii.
1)
to
have
provoked
a
con-spiracy
of
the
Jews
by
building
a
theatre
and
an
amphi-theatre
at
Jerusalem
for
the
spectacular
combats
of
wild
beasts,
and
to
have
initiated
very
splendid
games
every
five
years
in
honour
of
Caesar.
These
included
wrestUng
and
chariot
races,
and
competitors
were
attracted
from
all
countries
by
the
very
costly
prizes.
II.
Games
op
Greece
and
Rome.
—
Athletic
contests
formed
a
very
important
feature
in
the
social
life
of
the
Greeks.
They
originated
in
pre-historic
times,
and
were
closely
associated
with
religious
worship.
Thus
the
Olympic
games
were
held
in
honour
of
Olympian
Zeus
in
connexion
with
the
magnificent
temple
in
Olympia
in
Elis;
the
Isthmian
games
on
the
Isthmus
of
Corinth
in
honour
of
Poseidon;
the
Pythian
were
associated
with
the
worship
of
the
Pythian
Apollo
at
Delphi;
the
Nemean
were
celebrated
at
Nemea,
a
valley
of
Argolis,
to
commemorate
the
Nemean
Zeus.
These
four
games
were
great
Pan-Hellenic
festivals,
to
which
crowds
came
from
all
parts,
not
only
free-born
Greeks,
but
also
foreigners,
although
the
latter,
except
the
Romans
in
later
times,
were
not
allowed
to
compete.
The
most
