GARDEN HOUSE

GAZELLE

The eool shade of the trees, the music of the stream, and the deUghtful variety of fruits in their season, malce the gardens a favourite place of resort (Est 7', Ca 4" etc.), especially towards evening; and in the summer months many spend the night there. In the sweet air, under the sheltering boughs, in the gardens of Olivet, Jesus no doubt passed many of the dark hours (Mk ll'" RV, Lk 21"). From His agony in a garden (Jn 18' ") He went to His doom.

The gardens, with their luxuriant foliage and soft obscurities, were greatly resorted to for purposes of idolatry (Is 56=, Bar 6'»). There the Moslem may be seen to-day, spreading his cloth or garment under orange, fig, or mulberry, and performing his devotions. The garden furnishes the charms of his heaven {el-jannah, or Firdaus); see artt. Fahadisb, Eden [Garden of].

Tombs were often cut in the rock between the trees (2 K 2118 etc.); in such a tomb the body of Jesus was laid (Jn 19"). W. Ewinq.

GARDEN' HOUSE in 2 K 9" should prob. be Beth-haggan (leaving Heb. untranslated), the name of an unknown place S of Jezreel.

GAREB.— 1. One of David s 'Thirty' (2 S 233s, l Ch 11"). 2. A hill near Jerusalem (Jer 312«). Its situation is uncertain, being located by some to the S.W,, while others place it to the N., of the capital. At the present day there is a Wady Gourab to the W. of Jerusalem.

GARLAND. — The 'garlands' (Gr. stemmMa) of Ac 1413 were probably intended to be put on the heads of the sacrificial victims. For the use of a garland (Gr. Stephanos) as a prize to the victor in the games, see art. Cbown, § 2, and cf. Games.

GARLIC (Nu 11'). — The familiar Allium sativum, still a very great favourite in Palestine, especially with the Jews. Originally a product of Central Asia, and once a delicacy of kings, it is only in the East that it retains its place in the affections of all classes.

E. W. G. Masteeman.

GARMENT.— See Dress.

GARIVQTE. — A gentiUc name applied in a totally obscure sense to Keilah in 1 Ch 4".

GARNER. — 'Gamer,' which is now archaic if not obsolete, and ' granary,' the form now in use, both come from Lat. granaria, a storehouse for grain. RV retains the subst. in aU its occurrences in AV, and Introduces the verb in Is 62^ ' They that have garnered (AV ' gathered ') it shall eat it.'

GAS (1 Es 5"). — His sons were among the 'temple servants' (Ezr. and Neh. omit).

GASHMIT (Neh 6«). — A form of the name Geshem (wh. see), probably representing the pronunciation of N. Arabian dialect.

GATAM.— The son of Eliphaz (Gn 36" = 1 Ch 1»), and 'duke' of an Edomite clan (Gn 36'«) which has not been identified.

GATE. — See City, Fortification and Siegecraft, § 5, Jerusalem, Temple.

GATH. — A city of the Philistine PentapoUs. It is mentioned in Jos 11^2 as a place where the Anakim took refuge ; but Joshua is significantly silent about the appor-tioning of the city to any of the tribes. The ark was brought here from Ashdod (1 S 5'), and thence to Ekron (5i»). It was the home of Goliath (1 S IT, 2 S 21"), and after the rout of the Philistines at Ephes-damraim it was the limit of their pursuit (1 S 17" [LXXl). David during his outlawry took refuge with its king, Achish (1 S 21"'). A bodyguard of Gittites was attached to David's person under the leadership of a certain Ittai; these remained faithful to the king after the revolt of Absalom (2 S 15"). Shimei's servants ran to Gath, and were pursued thither by him contrary to the tabu laid upon him (1 K 2"). Gath was captured by Hazael of Syria (2 K 12"). An unsuccessful Ephraimite cattle-

lifting expedition against Gath is recorded (1 Ch 7"'). The city was captured by David, according to the Chronicler (18'). and fortified by Rehoboam (2 Ch ll'). It was again captured by Uzziah (26'). Amos refers to it in terms which imply that some great calamity has befallen it (6^); the later prophets, though they men-tion other cities of the PentapoUs, are silent respecting Gath, which seems therefore to have dropped out of existence. The exact circumstances of its final fate are unknown. The topographical indications, both of the Scripture references and of the Onomasticon, point to the great mound Tell es-Safl as the most probable site for the identification of Gath. It stands at the mouth of the Valley of Elah, and clearly represents a large and important town. It was partially excavated by the Palestine Exploration Fund in 1899, but, unfortunately, the whole mound being much cumbered with a modern village and its graveyards and sacred shrines, only a limited area was found available for excavation, and the results were not so definite as they might have been. R. A. S. Macalisteb.

GATH -HEPHER (Jos 19'M A V wrongly Oitlah-hepher, which is simply the form of the name with He locale], 2 K 14^, 'wine press of the pit or well'). — The home of the prophet Jonah. It lay on the border of Zebulun, and is mentioned with Japhia and Rimmon — the modem Yafa and Rummaneh. Jerome, in the preface to his Com. on Jonah, speaks of GetU quae est in Opher (cf. Vulg. 2 K l'^), and places it 2 Roman miles from Sepphoris (.SejfUrieh), on the road to Tiberias. This points to el-Meshhed, a village on a slight eminence N. of the Tiberias road, i mile W. of Kefr Kenna, where one of Jonah's many reputed tombs is still pointed out. W. Ewing.

GATH-RIMMON.— 1. A city in Dan, near Jehud and Bene-berak (Jos 19«), assigned to the Kohathites (2124), and reckoned (1 Ch 6") to Ephraim. It is unidentified. 2. A city of Manasseh, assigned to the Kohathites (Jos 21^6). LXX has lebaiha (B), or Baithsa (A), while 1 Ch 6'» has Bileam=Ibleam (wh. see). The position of the town is not indicated, so in this confusion no identification is possible.

W. EWINQ.

GATJLANITIS.— See Golan.

GATJLS.— See Galatia.

GAZA. — A city of the Philistine PentapoUs. It is referred to in Genesis (10") as a border city of the Canaanites, and in Jos 10*' as a limit of the South country conquered by Joshua: a refuge of the Anakim (Jos 1122), theoreticaUy assigned to Judah (15"). Samson was here shut in by the Philistines, and escaped by carrying away the gates (Jg 16'-'); he was, however; brought back here In captivity after being betrayed by Delilah, and here he destroyed himself and the Philis-tines by pulling down the temple (le^'-'i). Gaza was never for long in Israelite hands. It withstood Alexan-der for five months (b.c. 332). In B.C. 96 it was razed to the ground, and in b.c. 57 rebuilt on a new site, the previous site being distinguished as 'Old' or 'Desert' Gaza (cf. Ac 828). it was successively in Greek, By-zantine Christian (a.d. 402), Muslim (635), and Crusader hands; it was finaUy lost by the Franks in 1244. A Crusaders' church remains in the town, now a mosque. It is now a city of about 16,000 inhabitants, and bears the name Ghuzzeh. R. A. S. Macalisteb.

GAZARA, — An important stronghold often mentioned during the Maccabaean struggle (1 Mac 4'' 7« 9>2 IS" 147. M 1528 161, g Mac 10a2. In Ant. xii. vii. 4, xiv. V. 4, BJ, I. viu. 5, it is called Gadara). There seems to be no doubt that it is the OT Gezer (wh. see).

GAZELLE (2eM, tr. 2 S 2i«, 1 Ch 12* etc. in AV 'roe'; in Dt 14' etc. 'roebuck,' but in RV 'gazelle'). — The gazelle (Arab, ghazal, also zabi) is one of the com-monest of the larger animals of Palestine; it is one of

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