denial
of
responsibility
(Ac
18'«),
and
often
now,
total
ignorance
of
any
matter
referred
to.
Rending
the
garments
betokens
consternation,
real
(Gn
S?^',
Jos
7',
Ac
14"
etc.)
or
assumed
(2
Ch
23",
Mt
26«5),
and
grief
(Jg
11",
2
S
1"
etc.).
Joy
was
expressed
by
dancing
(Ex
15",
1
S
3015,
Jer
31<
etc.)
and
dapping
the
hands
(Ps
47',
Is
55"
etc.).
Spitting
upon,
or
in
the
face,
indicated
deep
despite
(Nu
12",
Is
SO^,
Mt
26",
etc.).
See
Hand,
Modbninq
Customs,
Salutation.
Some
gestures
in
common
use
are
probably
ancient.
One
who
narrowly
escapes
danger,
describing
his
experi-ence,
will
crack
his
thumb
nail
off
the
edge
of
his
front
teeth,
suggesting
Job's
'with
the
skin
of
my
teeth'
(19^").
One
charged
with
a
fault
will
put
his
elbows
to
his
sides,
turn
his
palms
outward,
and
shrug
his
shoulders,
with
a
slight
side
inclination
of
the
head,
repudiating
responsibility
for
an
act
which,
in
his
judgment,
was
plainly
inevitable.
W.
EwiNb.
GETHER.
—
Named
in
Gn
10'',
along
with
Vz,
Hul,
and
Mash,
as
one
of
the
'sons
of
Aram'
(in
1
Ch
1"
simply
'sons
of
Shem').
The
clan
of
which
he
is
the
eponymous
founder
has
not
been
identified.
GETHSEMANE.
—
A
place
to
which
Christ
retired
with
His
disciples
(Mt
26^5,
Mk
14''),
and
where
Judas
betrayed
Him.
It
was
probably
a
favourite
resort
of
our
Lord,
as
Judas
knew
where
He
was
likely
to
be
found.
There
are
two
traditional
sites,
side
by
side,
one
under
the
Greeks,
the
other
under
the
Latins.
It
may
be
admitted
that
they
are
somewhere
near
the
proper
site,
on
the
W.
slope
of
the
Mount
of
Olives
above
the
Kidron;
but
there
is
no
justification
for
the
exact
localization
of
the
site.
R.
A.
S.
Macalister.
GEUEL.—
The
Gadite
spy,
Nu
13i5
(P).
GEZER.
—
A
very
ancient
city
of
the
ShephSIah,
on
the
borders
of
the
Philistine
Plain;
Inhabited
c.
B.C.
3000
by
a
race
probably
kin
to
the
Horites,
who
were
succeeded
by
the
Semitic
Canaanites
about
b.c.
2500.
These
were
not
driven
out
by
the
invading
Israelites
(Jg
1^').
In
David's
time
the
city
was
in
PhiUstine
hands
(1
Ch
20').
The
king
of
Egypt
captured
it,
and
gave
it
as
a
dowry
to
his
daughter,
Solomon's
wife
(1
K
915).
Simon
Maccabaeus
besieged
and
captured
it,
and
built
for
himself
a
dwelling-place
(1
Mao
13"-"
Gazara
RV).
The
city
has
been
partly
excavated
by
the
Palestine
Exploration
Fund,
and
Simon's
dweUing-place
discovered,
as
well
as
a
great
Canaanite
high
place,
and
innumerable
other
remains
of
early
Pales-tinian
civilization.
R.
A.
S.
Macalister.
GHOST.
—
A
ghost
=
Germ.
Geist
(the
ft
has
crept
into
the
word
through
what
Earle
calls
an
ItaUan
affectation
of
spelling)
is
a
spirit.
The
word
is
also
used
in
Old
EngUsh
of
the
breath,
the
soul
or
spirit
of
a
living
person,
and
even
a
dead
body.
In
AV
it
occurs
only
in
the
phrase
'
give
up
or
yield
up
the
ghost
'
and
in
the
name
'the
Holy
Ghost.'
Wherever
in
AV
hagion
'holy'
occurs
with
pneuma
'spirit,'
the
tr.
is
'Holy
Ghost';
but
when
pneuma
occurs
alone,
it
is
always
rendered
'Spirit'
or
'spirit,'
according
as
it
is
supposed
to
refer
to
God
or
to
man.
See
Holy
Spirit
and
Spirit.
6IAH.
—
Named
in
the
account
of
Joab's
pursuit
of
Abner
(2
S
2^).
Its
situation
is
quite
unknown;
it
is
even
doubtful
whether
the
mention
of
Giah
is
not
due
to
textual
corruption.
GIANT.—
I.
In
the
O.T.—
1.
As
tr.
of
Heb.
nephUlm.
In
Gn
e*
the
Nephilim
appear
as
a
race
of
demi-gods,
distinguished
by
their
power
and
renown,
but
without
any
mention
of
gigantic
stature.
The
context
itself
suggests
that
they
were
the
antediluvians,
or
among
the
antediluvians,
destroyed
by
the
Flood.
The
story
of
their
origin
is,
however,
common
in
more
or
less
degree
to
many
ancient
races;
and
it
is
thought
by
some
to
have
no
original
connexion
with
the
Flood
story.
At
any
rate
the
name
appears
again
in
Nu
IS'',
where
they
appear
to
be
identified
with
the
Anakim.
It
seems
probable,
therefore,
that
the
story
in
Gen.
is
an
ancient
myth
which
arose
to
account
for
the
origin
of
this
race,
and
perhaps
of
other
ancient
races
of
a
similar
type.
2.
As
tr.
of
Heb.
repfts'lm.
This
word,
frequently
left
untranslated,
esp.
in
RV,
is
used
of
several
probably
different
aboriginal
peoples
of
Palestine,
and
probably
meant
'giants.'
The
Rephaim
included
the
Anakim,
the
aborigines
of
Philistia
and
the
southern
districts
of
Judah
(Dt
2");
the
Emlm,
the
aborigines
of
the
Moabite
country
(Dt
2");
the
Zamzummim,
the
aborigines
of
the
Ammonite
country
(Dt
2'^"),
who
are
perhaps
to
be
identified
with
the
Zuzim
of
Gn
14*;
and
the
old
inhabitants
of
Bashan
(Dt
3").
The
statement
that
Ogi
whose
gigantic
bedstead
(or
perhaps
sarcophagus
;
see
Driver,
in
loco)
was
still
to
be
seen
at
Rabbah,
was
one
of
the
Rephaim
(though
the
last
surviving
member
of
the
race
in
that
district)
is
confirmed
by
Gn
146,
where
the
Rephaim
are
the
first
of
the
peoples
smitten
by
the
four
kings
on
their
journey
south.
These
were
followed
by
the
Zuzim
and
Emim.
We
thus
have
evidence
of
a
widely-spread
people
or
peoples
called
Rephaim
from
ancient
times.
In
addition
to
the
Rephaim
of
Bashan,
the
Zuzim
or
Zamzummim,
and
the
Emim,
on
the
east
of
Jordan,
the
Anakim
in
the
south-west
and
south
—
for
Arba,
the
traditional
founder
of
Hebron,
is
described
as
the
progenitor
of
the
Anakim
(Jos
15")
—
we
find
traces
of
Rephaim
in
the
well-known
valley
of
that
name
near
Jerusalem
(Jos
15»-
'),
and
apparently
also
in
the
territory
of
Ephraim
(Jos
17'*).
Taken
together,
this
evidence
seems
to
suggest
that
the
name
Rephaim
was
applied
to
the
pre-Canaanite
races
of
Palestine.
There
is
a
well-known
tendency
among
ancient
peoples
to
regard
their
aborigines
either
as
giants
or
as
dwarfs,
accord-ing
as
they
were
a
taller
or
a
shorter
race
than
themselves.
Thus
the
Anakim
were
so
tall
that
the
Israelitish
spies
were
in
comparison
as
grasshoppers
(Nu
13^).
"The
'bed-Btead
'
of
Og
cannot
possibly
have
been
less
than
11
ft
.
in
length
[the
more
probable
estimate
of
the
cubit
would
give
13
ft.
6
in.]
;
but
this
is
not
very
surprising
if
a
sarcophagus
is
really
meant,
as
it
was
a
compliment
to
a
dead
hero
to
give
him
a
large
tomb
(Dt
3n).
The
Zamzummim
are
described
as
a
people
'
great
and
tall
like
the
Anakim'
(Dt
2P^).
Again,
Goliath
was
a
man
of
fabulous
height.
The
Rephaim
were,
no
doubt,
very
largely
annihilated
by
their
conquerors,
but
partly
also
absorbed.
We
naturally
find
the
most
evident
traces
of
them
in
those
districts
of
Palestine
and
its
borders
more
recently
occupied
by
past
invaders,
as
in
the
East
of
Jordan
and
Philistia.
In
the
latter
country
especially,
that
most
recently
occupied
before
the
Israelitish
settlement,
we
seem
to
find
traces
of
them
in
the
encounter
with
Goliath
and
his
kind.
Whereas
Og
was
the
last
of
the
Rephaim
of
Bashan
at
the
time
of
the
Conquest,
these
seem
to
have
continued
to
the
time
of
David.
3.
Astr.of
thesing.wordrSpftffiftorrSpfta'.
Thisisevi-dently
akin
to
the
plur.
repha'lm.
In
2
S
21"-»,
part
of
which
recurs
in
1
Ch
20*-',
four
mighty
Philistines
—
Ishbi-benob,
Saph
(Chron.
'Sippai'),
Goliath
the
Gittite
(Chron.
'Lahmi,
the
brother
of
Goliath,'
etc.),
and
a
monster
with
6
fingers
on
each
hand
and
6
toes
on
each
foot
—
are
called
'
sons
of
the
giant.
'
As,
however,
the
four
are
said
in
v.»
to
have
fallen
by
the
hand
of
David
and
his
servants,
and
not
one
of
them
is
described
as
slain
by
David,
the
passage
is
evidently
incomplete,
and
the
original
probably
contained
the
story
of
some
encounter
by
David,
with
which
the
story
of
Goliath
came
to
be
confused.
This,
which
ascribes
his
death
to
Elhanan,
is
probably
the
earliest
form
of
that
story,
and
it
is
probable
that
the
reading
of
Chronicles
is
a
gloss
intended
to
reconcile
this
passage
with
1
S
17.
'The
giant
'
is
probably
used
genericaUy,
meaning
that
they
were
all
'
giants.'
The
passage
is
probably
an
extract
from
an
old
account
of
David
and
his
faithful
com-panions
while
he
was
an
outlaw,
from
which
also
we
get
the
greater
part
of
2
S
23.
Though
Goliath
in
the
well-
known
story
is
not
called
a
giant,
he
was
certainly
the
typical
giant
of
the
OT.
His
height,
6
cubits
and
a
