GREEK
VERSIONS
OF
OT
parts
of
2
Chron.
and
Nehemiah),
which
in
the
Greek
Bibleappears
(with
Neh.)
as'EffSpas
B'.
'Erfpas
B'
faith-fully
represents
the
Massoretic
Hebrew;
'Erfpai
A'
is
freely
paraphrastic,
and
contains
some
additional
matter
(1
Es
Si-S').
Josephus,
who
knew
the
LXX,
but
not,
of
course,
Theod.,
plainly
follows
'Eo-a.
A';
and
it
has
been
argued
by
Whiston
(in
1722)
and
Sir
H.
Howorth
(Soc.
BiU.
Arch.,
May
1901-Nov.
1902)
that
'Eo-S.
A'
is
the
original
LXX
version,
and
'Eo-S.
B'
the
version
of
Theod.,
which,
asinDan.,hasousteditspredecessorfrom
general
use.
The
theory
is
not
at
all
improbable
(and
there
is
some
evidence
that
in
the
Hexapla,
where
Theod.
of
course
had
its
own
column,
the
text
in
the
LXX
column
was
'Eo-S.
A'),
but
it
still
needs
confirmation
by
a
linguistic
comparison
between
"Eai.
A'
and
Theodo-tion's
Dan.,
which
It
is
hoped
will
shortly
be
made.
Sir
H.
Howorth
further
suggests
that
the
version
of
Chron.
which
now
appears
in
the
LXX
is
really
that
of
Theod.,
the
original
LXX
having
in
this
case
completely
dis-appeared.
Chron.
is
certainly
closely
connected
with
'EirS.
B',
and
the
suggestion
deserves
full
examination;
but
in
the
absence
of
an
alternative
version,
or
of
any
reference
to
one,
it
will
be
more
difficult
to
establish.
IV.
Syinmachus(Symm.).—
18.
Of
Symm.
there
isless
to
say.
Like
Theodotion,
he
has
been
called
an
Ebionite,
and,
like
both
Theodotion
and
Aquila,
he
has
been
said
to
be
a
proselyte
to
Judaism;
the
former
statement
is
probably
true.
His
work
was
known
to
Origen
by
about
A.D.
228,
and
was
probably
produced
quite
at
the
end
of
the
2nd
century.
From
the
literary
point
of
view,
it
was
the
best
of
all
the
Greek
versions
of
the
OT.
It
was
based,
like
Aq.
and
Theod.,
on
the
Massoretic
Hebrew,
but
it
aimed
at
rendering
it
into
idiomatic
Greek.
Consequently,
it
neither
had
the
reputation
which
Aq.
acquired
among
the
Jews,
nor
was
it
so
well
fitted
as
Theod.
to
make
good
the
defects,
real
or
supposed,
of
the
LXX
among
the
Christians;
and
its
historical
importance
is
therefore
less
than
that
of
its
rivals.
The
extant
materials
for
its
study
are
practically
the
same
as
in
the
case
of
Aq.,
namely,
the
two
fragments
of
MSS
of
the
Hexapla
[the
Cambridge
fragment
contains
the
Symm.
column
for
Ps
22'5-'8
2»-m;
the
precise
extent
of
the
Milan
MS
is
not
known],
and
the
copious
extracts
from
the
Hexapla
in
the
margins
of
certain
MSS
and
the
quotations
of
the
Fathers.
Literature.
—
By
far
the
best
work
on
the
LXX
in
any
language
is
Dr.
H.
B.
Swete'a
Introd.
to
the
OT
in
Greek
(1900),
which
includes
full
references
to
all
the
literature
of
the
subject
before
that
date.
See
also
Nestle's
article
in
Hastings'Z>5,
andhis
Septuagintastudien
(1886-1907).
A
popular
account
with
a
description
of
all
the
uncial
MSS
is
given
in
Kenyon
's
Our
Bible
and
the
Ancient
MSS,
pp.
48-92
(1895;
revised
ed.,
1898).
The
most
important
recent
works
are
Rahlfs'
Septuaginta-Studien
(L,
1904,
on
the
text
of
Kings;
II.,
1907,
on
Ps.),
and
R.
L.
Ottley's
Book
of
Isaiah
according
to
the
Sepiuagint
(2
vols.,
1904-6).
The
remains
of
the
Hexapla
are
collected
in
F.
Field
s
Origenis
Hexaplorum
quce
supersun((Oxford,
1875)
.
Ceriani's
study
of
the
Codex
Marchalianus
and
Deissmann's
of
the
Heidelberg
Prophets-papyrus
make
important
con-tributions
to
the
classification
of
the
MSS.
An
English
translation
of
the
LXX
was
printed
by
C.
Thomson
at
Philadelphia
(1808),
and
has
recently
been
reprinted
by
S.
F.
Pells;
another
by
Sir
L.
Brenton
was
published
in
1844.
Editions.—
The
LXX
was
firat
printed
in
the
Complu-tensian
Polyglot
(1514-17,
pubfished
1521),
but
first
published
by
Aldus
(1519).
The
standard
edition
is
that
issuedat
Rome
by
Pope
Sixtus
v.
in
1587.
This,
by
excellent
fortune,
was
based
mainly
on
the
Codex
Vaticanus
(B)
,
with
the
help
of
the
Venice
MS
(V),
and
others.
Hence
the
TRof
the
Greek
OT,
unlike
that
of
the
NT,
has
always
rested
on
the
authority
of
good
MSS,
though
these
were
not
very
critically
employed.
An
edition
based
on
the
Codex
Alexandrinus
(A)
was
published
at
Oxford
by
Grabe
in
1707-20.
The
textual
criticism
of
the
LXX
rests
upon
the
great
edition
of
R.
Holmes
and
J.
Parsons
(Oxford,
1798-1827),
who
printed
the
Sixtine
text
with
an
apparatus
drawn
from
20
uncial
and
277
minuscule
MSS,
besides
versions.
Unfortunately
several
of
the
collations
made
by
their
assistants
were
not
up
to
modem
standards
of
accuracy.
Tischendoif
published
GUILT
a
revised
text,
with
various
readings
from
a
few
of
the
leading
uncials
(1850;
7th
ed.,
1887):
but
the
foundation
of
recent
textual
study
of
the
LXX
was
laid
by
the
Cambridge
manual
edition
in
3
vols,
by
Swete
(1887-94;
revised,
1895-99)
.
In
this
the
text
is
pnntedf
rom
B,
when
available,
otherwise
from
A
or
N,
and
the
textual
apparatus
gives
ail
the_
variants
in
the
principal
imcial
MSS.
A
larger
edition
giving
the
same
text,
but
with
the
addition
of
the
evidence
of
all
the
uncials,
a
considerable
number
of
carefully
selected
and
representative
minuscules,
and
the
principal
versions
and
patristic
quotations,
is
being
prepared
by
A.
E.
Brooke
and
N.
Maclean,
and
Genesis
has
already
appeared
(1906)
.
F.
G.
Kenion.
GREEN,
GREENISH.—
See
Coloubs,
§
1.
GREETING.—
See
Salutation.
GREYHOUND.—
See
Doo.
GRINDER.
—
The
'grinders'
of
Ec
12'
are
women
grinding
at
the
mill.
But
in
Job
29"n>
the
'
grinders
'
are
the
molar
teeth.
Holland,
Pliny,
xi.
37,
says,
'
The
great
grinders
which
stand
beyond
the
eye-teeth,
in
no
creature
whatsoever
do
fall
out
of
themselves.'
GRISLED.—
See
Colours,
§
1.
GROUND.—
See
Earth.
GROVE.
—
Apart
from
Gn
21«
to
be
presently
mentioned,
'
grove
'
is
everywhere
in
AV
a
mistaken
tr.,
which
goes
back
through
the
Vulgate
to
the
LXX,
of
the
name
of
the
Canaanite
goddess
Asherah.
The
'groves,'
so
often
said
to
have
been,
or
to
be
deserving
to
be,
'cut
down,'
were
the
wooden
poles
set
up
as
symbols
of
Asherah.
See
further
the
art.
Asherah.
In
Gn
21'3
the
grove
which
AV
makes
Abraham
plant
in
Beer-sheba
was
really
'a
tamarisk
tree'
(so
RV),
a
tree
which
also
figures
in
the
story
of
Saul,
1
S
22"
31"
(both
RV).
A.
R.
S.
Kennedy.
GRUDGE.
—
Ps
59«
'Let
them
wander
up
and
down
for
meat,
and
grudge
if
they
be
not
satisfied.'
The
word
'grudge'
formerly
stood
for
dissatisfaction
expressed
aloud,
i.e.
murmur,
grumble;
but
by
1611
it
was
becoming
confined
to
the
feeling
rather
than
the
open
expression,
so
that
it
occurs
in
AV
less
frequently
than
in
the
older
versions.
Besides
Ps
69'=
it
has
the
older
meaning
in
Wis
12^',
Sir
10^,
and
Ja
5'
'grudge
not
one
against
another'
(RV
'murmur
not').
GUARD
BODY-GUARD.—
The
former
is
used
in
EV
almost
exclusively
for
the
body-guard
of
royal
and
other
high-placed
personages,
such
as
Nehemiah
(Neh
422')
and
Holof
ernes
(Jth
12').
'Body-guard'
occurs
only
1
Es
3<
RV
of
the
'guard'
(AV)
of
Darius.
The
members
of
the
body-guard
of
the
Pharaoh
of
Gn
37»
and
of
Nebuchadnezzar
(2
K
25^
etc.)
are,
in
the
original
style,
'slaughterers
(of
animals
for
food),'
not
as
RVm
'execu-tioners.'
Those
composing]the
body-guard
of
the
Hebrew
kings,
on
the
other
hand,
are
styled
'runners'
(1
S22"
RV
and
marg.,
2
K
10™
11'
etc.),
one
of
their
duties
being
to
run
in
front
of
the
royal
state-chariot
(cf
.
2
S
15',
1
K
1»).
In
1
K
14^8
we
hear
of
a
guard-chamber.
The
office
of
'
the
captain
of
the
guard
'
was
at
all
times
one
of
great
dignity
and
responsibility.
David's
body-guard
consisted
of
foreign
mercenaries,
the
Cherethites
and
Pelethites
(see
p.
122i>),
commanded
by
Benaiah
(2
S
20«
compared
with
23^3).
The
famous
Praetorian
guard
of
the
Roman
emperors
is
mentioned
in
Ph
1"
RV;
also
Ac
28"
AV
in
a
passage
absent
from
the
best
texts
and
RV.
A.
R.
S.
Kennedy.
GUDGODAH.
—
A
station
in
the
journeyings
of
the
IsraeUtes
(Dt
10'),
whence
they
proceeded
to
Jotbathah.
There
can
be
little
doubt
that
Hor-haggidgad
in
the
itinerary
of
Nu
333'
indicates
the
same
place.
GUEST,
GUEST-CHAMBER.—
See
Hospitality.
GUILT.
—
1.
Guilt
may
be
defined
in
terms
of
relOr-tivity.
It
is
rather
the
abiding
result
of
sin
than
sin
itself
(see
Pearson's
Exposition
of
the
Creed,
ed.
James
Nichols,
p.
514
f.).
It
is
not
punishment,
or
even
liabiUty
to
punishment,
for
this
presupposes
