HALLOHESH

and so to modern hymnody. Through the Vulgate the form ' Alleluia ' has come into use. The AV and RV, however, render ' Praise ye the Lord.'

G. H. Box.

HALLOHESH. — An individual or a family mentioned in connexion with the repairing of the wall (Neh 3") and the seaUng of the covenant (10").

HALLOW. — To 'hallow' is either 'to make holy' or ' to regard as holy.' Both meanings are very old. Thus Wyclif translates Jn 17" 'Halwethouhemintreuthe.'and Dt 32" ' Ye halwide not me amonge the sones of Yreal ' (1388. 'Israel'). In the Lord's Prayer (Mt 6>, Lk ll^, the only places where 'hallow' occurs in the NT) the meaning is 'regard as sacred.' All the Eng. versions have 'hallowed' in these verses except the Rhemish (Rom. Cath.), which has 'sanctified'; but in the modern editions of this version the change has been made to 'hallowed.'

HALT.— This Eng. word is used (1) UteraUy, as a verb ' to be lame, to limp,' or as an adj. 'lame.' Cf. Tin-dale's tr. of Mt 11" ' The blynd se, the halt goo, the lepers are clensed.' Or (2) figuratively 'to stumble, fail,' as Jer 2011 'All my familiars watched for my halting.' From this comes the meaning (3) 'to be undecided, waver,' 1 K 18" 'How long halt [lit. 'limp,' as on unequal legs] ye between two opinions?' The Revisers have intro-duced (4) the mod. meaning 'to stop,' Is 10'^ 'This very day shall he halt at Nob.'

HAM. — The original (?) use of the name as =Egypt appears in Ps 78" lOS"- " 106^2. It has been derived from an Egyptian word kem, 'black,' in allusion to the dark soil of Egypt as compared with the desert sands (but see Ham [Land of]). Ham came to be considered the eponymous ancestor of a number of other peoples, supposed to have been connected with Egypt (Gn 10'-'°). His ' sons ' (v.») are the peoples most closely connected either geographically or politically. Great difficulty is caused by the fusion (in J) of two quite distinct traditions in Gu 9. 10. (i.) Noah and his family being the sole survivors of the Flood, the whole earth was populated by their descendants (Q'^'-), and the three sons people the whole of the known world — the middle, the southern, and the northern portions respectively (ch. 10). (ii.) Canaan, and not Ham, appears to be Noah's son, for it is he who is cursed (.9^'-'^). The purpose of the story is to explain the subjugation of the people represented under the name ' Canaan ' to the people represented under the names 'Shem' and 'Japheth.' To combine the two traditions a redactor has added the words, 'and Ham is the father of Canaan' In v.", and ' Ham the father of in v.^. (i.) The peoples connected, geographically, with Ham include Egypt (Mizraim), and the country S. of it (Cush), the Libyans (Put) , and ' Canaan ' (see Canaanites) . The descendants of these four respectively are so described in most cases from their geographical position, but at least one nation, the Caphtorim, from its political connexion with Egypt (see Driver on 9"). (ii.) In the second tradition Shem, Japheth, and Canaan stand — not for large divisions of the world, but — for certain much smaller divisions vfithin the limits of Palestine. ' Shem ' evidently stands for the Hebrews, or tor some portion of them (see lO^' in the other tradition), and 'Japheth' for some unknown portion of the population of Palestine who dwelt 'in the tents of Shem' (9"), i.e. in close conjunction with the Hebrews. 'Canaan' (in the other tradition, 10") inhabited the coast lands on the W., and the Arabah on the S.E. But there is no evidence that the peoples in these districts were ever in complete subjection to the Hebrews such as is implied in 'a slave of slaves' (9^). Some think that the three names represent three grades or castes [cf. the three grades in Babylonia, who hold distinct legal positions in the Code of Hammurabi — amelu ('gentleman'), mushkenu ('commoner,' or 'poor man'), and ardu ('slave')]. A. H. M'Neile.

HAMMEDATHA

HAM. — According to Gn 14', the district inhabited by the Zuzim (wh. see). The locality is unknown.

J. F. M' Curdy.

HAM, LAND OF.— A poetical designation of Egypt used in the Psalms in reference to the sojourn there of the Children of Israel (Ps 105«'- " 106=«). So also 'the tabernacles (RV 'tents') of Ham' (Ps 78") stands for the dwellings of the Egyptians. The Egyptian etymologies that have been proposed for Ham, are untenable, and the name must be connected with that of the son of Noah. F. Ll. Griffith.

HAMAN (Ad. Est 12» IB"- " Aman), the son of Hammedatha, appears in the Bk. of Est, as the enemy of the Jews, and the chief minister of Ahasuerus. On his plot against the Jews and its frustration by Esther see art. Esther.

In later times, at the Feast of Purim, it seems to have been customaryto hang an effigy of Haman; but as the gibbet was sometimes made in the fomi of a cross, riots between Jews and Christians were the result, and a warning against insults to the Christian faith was issued by the emperor Theodosius ii. (Cod. Theod. xvi. viii. 18; cf. 21).

HAMATH. — A city on the Orontes, the capital of the kingdom of Hamath, to the territory of which the border of Israel extended in the reign of Solomon (IK 8»=), who is related to have built store-cities there (2 C!h 8'). Jeroboam ii., the son of Joash, restored the kingdom to tliis northern hmit (2 K 1425- ^'), and it was regarded as the legitimate border of the land of Israel (Nu 34', Jos 13'), and was employed as a geo-graphical term (Nu IS^i, cf. Jg 3^). The Hamathite is mentioned last of the sons of Canaan in the table of nations (Gn 10", 1 Ch I's). During the time of David, Toi was king of Hamath (2 S 8»); the greatness of the city is referred to by the prophet Amos (Am 6'), and it is classed by Zechariah with Damascus, Tyxe and Zidon (Zee 9"). The city was conquered by Tiglath-pileser in. and Sargon, and part of its inhabitants were deported and the land was largely colonized by Assyrians ; its capture and subjugation are referred to in the pro-phetic literature (Is 10», Jer 49i»; cf. also 2 K 18", Is 36", 2 K 19"). Hamath is mentioned as one of the places to which Israelites were exiled (Is 11"), and it was also one of the places whose inhabitants were deported to colonize Israelite territory on the capture of Samaria (2 K 17«- »»). See Ashima.

L. W. King.

HAMATH -ZOBAH (or ' Hamath of Zobah ') . A city in the neighbourhood of Tadmor, conquered by Solomon (2 Ch 8'). Some have conjectured that it is identical with Hamath (wh. see), and that Zobah is used here in a broader sense than usual. On the other hand. It may be another Hamath situated In the territory of Zobah proper. W. M. Nesbit.

HAMMATH ('hot spring'). — 1. 'Father of the house of Rechab' (1 Ch 2«). 2. One of the 'fenced' cities of Naphtali (Jos 19^), probably the same as Hammon of 1 Ch 6" and Hammoth-dor of Jos 21^. It is doubtless the Hamata of the Talmud, the Emmuus or Ammathus of Jos. (Ant. xviii. ii. 3), and the modern HammSm, 35 minutes' walk S. of Tiberias, famous for its hot baths.

HAMMEAH, THE TOWER OP (Neh 3' 12").— A tower on the walls of Jerus., near the tower of Hananel (wh. see), between the Sheep-gate on the east and the Fish-gate on the west. These two towers were prob-ably situated near the N.E. corner of the city (cf. Jer 31'8, Zee 14"). The origin of the name 'tower of Hammeah, ' or ' tower of the hundred ' (RVm) , is obscure. It has been suggested that the tower was 100 cubits high, or that it was approached by 100 steps, or that it required a garrison of 100 men.

HAMMEDATHA (Est 3'- " 8» 9"- "; in Ad. Est 12» 16"- " Amadathus).— The father of Haman. The

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