JOACHAZ

throne, which cost him his life (1 K 1' 2"). How close was the tie between David and Joab may be seen, further, in the blind obedience of the latter, who was willing to be partaker in David's sin (2 S ll»-»).

The darker side of Joab's character is to be seen in his vindictiveness and ruthless cruelty; for although it is only fair to plead the spirit of the age, the exigencies of the State's weal, and the demand of blood-revenge, yet the treacherous and bloodthirsty acts of which Joab was guilty constitute a dark blot upon his character (see 2 S 3^-", 1 K 11"; cf. 2 S 18" 20«- '»).

2. Son of Seraiah (1 Ch 4"; cf. Neh 11»). 3. A family which returned with Zeri\bbabel (Ezr 2'= Neh 7" = 1 Es 5"; cf. Ezr 8» = 1 Es 8").

W. O. E. Oestebley.

JOACHAZ. — lEs 1"= Jehoahaz, thesonof Josiah; cf. 2 Ch 36'.

JOAQANUS. — One of the sons of Jesus, the son of Josedek (1 Es 9'»); called in Ezr lO's Gedaliata.

JOAH. — 1 . Son of Asaph, and ' recorder ' at Hezekiah's court (2 K 18"- "• " =Is 36»- "■ ==). 2. A Levitical family name (1 Ch 6^ [apparently same as Ethan of v."'], 2 Ch 29"). 3. A Levite (1 Ch 269. 4. Son of Joahaz, and 'recorder' at Josiah's court (2 Ch 34»).

JOAHAZ .—1 . Father of Joah the ' recorder ' (2 Ch 34») .

2. See Jehoahaz, 1. •

JOAKIM. — The name is spelt Jehoiakim in canon, books, but Joacim or Joachim in Apocr. |AV, and Joakim everywhere in Apocr. RV.

In Apocr. the name belongs to six persons. 1. King Jehoiakim (1 Es l"-«. Bar 1'). 2. Jehoiachin, son of Jehoiakim, who is erroneously called Joakim in 1 Es 1".

3. A priest, son of Hilkiah, to whom the captives are said to have sent money for the purchase of offerings and Incense (Bar 1'). 4. A high priest in the days of Holo-fernes and Judith (Jth 4°- >*). 5. A son of Zorobabel (1 Es 5>). 6. The husband of Susanna (Sus. '• '• ").

JOANAN.— An ancestor of Jesus (Lk 3").

JOAKITA. — The wife of Chuza, the steward of Herod Antipas, one of 'certain women which had been healed of evil spirits and inflnnities,' She ministered to Jesus of her substance, and after the crucifixion helped to anoint His body (Lk 88 24i»).

JOANNES.— 1. 1 Es 8»8=Ezr 8" Johanan. 2. 1 Es g2a =i£zr 10^ Jehohanan.

JOARIB . — The head'of the priestly family from which the Maccabees were descended (1 Mac 2' 14^'). Ace. to 1 Ch 24' this family, there called that of Jeboiarib, was the first of the twenty-four courses of priests.

JOASH. — 1. See Jehoash. 2. The father of Gideon (Jg6"etc.). 3. A son of Ahab (1 K 22»>). 4. A son of SheIah(lCh4K). 5. A Benjamite (1 Ch 12»). 6. A son of Becher (1 Ch 78). 7. A servant of David (1 Ch 272*).

JOB. — 1. The man Job. — Job is referred to in the OT in the book bearing his name, and in Ezk 14"-2», where he is mentioned as a conspicuous example of righteousness; in the Apocr. in Sir 49' [Heb. after Smend and Ryssel], and the Vulg. of To 2"; and in the NT in Ja 5", the last two passages alluding to his patience. The reference in Ezk. shows that righteous Job was a familiar figure in some Jewish circles in the 6th cent. b.c. On the assumption that the Job of the book is sketched, as to the main outlines, after ancient tradition, probably the same in substance as that known to Ezk., we have to think of him as a Gentile Uving in patriarchal times either in the Hauran or on the confines of Idumsea and Arabia (see Uz), and his friends also must be regarded as Gentiles.

This conclusion is supported by the names of God generally employed in the poem. The Tetragrammaton, which is used 31 times by the writer in the prose parts, occurs only once in the poetic portions (12'), and is ascribed to Job only in one veise in the Fiologue (1^). Adonai is also met

JOB

with once (282»). God is usually referred to by Job and his associates by names not distinctively Jewish: El, 55 times; Eloah, 41 times out of 57 in the whole OT; and Shaddai, 31 times out of 48 in OT; Elohim is comparatively rare in the poem. The entire absence of distinct allusions to Israelitish history points to the same conclusion. 'The great word iorah, ' law,' is used only once (22^), and then in the general sense of 'instruction.' According to a lost work, 'Con-cerning the Jews,' by one Aristeaa, cited by Euseb. (Ev. Praep. ix. 25), and the appendix in the LXX, said to be taken from a Syriac book but standing in some relation to Aristeas, Job is to be identified with Jobab, king of Edom (Gn 36^). This identification, which appears also in the Testament of Job. a work probably containing an ancient Jewish nucleus, although critically worthless, is not without interest and value, as possibly preserving a fragment of old tradition. The name Job, which probably belongs to the traditional story, is in Heb. 'fyyob. The apparently similar name Job (AV) of Gn 46'8, a son of Issachar, is differently spelt (in Heb. Yob) , and is therefore given in the RV as lob. Jobab, which is met with in several connexions (Gn 1029 Joktanite; Gn 36'* Edomite; Jos 11' Canaanite; 1 Ch 8' Benjamite), seems to be quite distinct, although Cheyne remarks (in EBi) that the possibility of a con-nexion must be admitted. The meaning of lyyoh is ex-tremely tmcertain. If explained from the Heb^ it means either 'attacked* or 'attacker' (Siegfried in JE). If ex-plained with the help of the Arabic *ayyub, it means * re-turning,' 'penitent.' In all probability it was a foreign name taken over with the story, which seems in the first instance to have been of foreign origin. The name Amb, which was current in the north of Palestine c. B.C. 1400 (Tell el-Amama Letters, No. 237 Winckler [118 Petriel), may be a Canaanitish equivalent, but no stress can be laid on the similarity. It has also been noticed that aiobu in Bab. meant 'enemy' (ib. 60 Winckler [147 Petrie]), but this cannot be regarded at present as more than a coincidence.

2. The Book of Job. — (l) Place inthe Canon. — Except in the Syriac Bible, which locates it between the Penta-teuch and Joshua, on accoimt of its supposed great antiquity, the book is always reckoned as one of the Kethubim or Hagiographa, and is often given the third place. It is usually grouped vrith Ps. and Prov., with which it is associated by the use of a special system of accentuation (except in the Prologue and Epilogue), but the order of the three books varies.

In a baraitha in the Bab. Talm. (,Baba bathra lib), which probably gives the most ancient order (Ryle, Ca-non ofOT, 232), it comes after Ruth and Ps.; in many Heb. MSS, especially Spanish, and in the Maasorah, after Ch. and Ps.; in the German MSS, which have been followed in most

grinted editions, after Ps. and Proverbs. Of the LXX MSS odex B has the remarkable order: Ps., Pr., Ec, Ca., Job, Wis., Sir.; A has Ps., Job, Proverbs. In printed editions of the LXX and Vmg. Job usually comes first, and this order is generally adopted in European versions, owing no doubt to the infiuence of the Latin Bible.

(2) Text. — The Heb. text of Job was long regarded as excellent, but has been much questioned in recent years, some critics resorting very largely to emendation vrith the help of the Versions and free conjecture. The reaction against the earUer view has probably led some scholars too far. When the difficulty of the theme, its bold treatment in many places, and the large number of words, forms, and uses not met with elsewhere (according to Friedrich Delitzsch, 259) are duly taken into accoimt, the condition of the text is seen to be less corrupt than might have been expected. Much discussion has been occasioned by the peculiar character of the LXX as restored to its original form by means of the Sahidic translation first published in 1889. This version differs in extent from the Massoretic texfc more widely in Job than in any other book. There are two interest-ing additions: the expansion of 2' and the appendix at the end of the book; but the chief characteristic is omission. A little less than one-fifth of the Heb. text is absent — about 400 lines out of, roundly speaking, 2200 for the whole book and 2075 for the poetic portions. A few have found in this shorter edition the original text of the book, but most ascribe the minus of the LXX to defective understanding of the Hebrew, imperfect

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