JOSIAS

publicly, and king and people entered into a solemn covenant to act according to its injunctions. Its central demand was tlie removal of all altars in the country except the one at Jerusalem. This was hence-forth to be the only sanctuary in Judah. The carrying out of this programme is related in detail, and we learn that the conclusion of the work was marked by the celebration of the Passover in a new manner and with unusual solemnity (23"«).

Josiah's reign was characterized by justice, as we learn from Jeremiah, but we know no more of it until the end of the king's life. The Assyrian empire was tottering to its fall, and Pharaoh-necho thought to seize the provinces nearest him and attach them to Egypt. He therefore invaded Palestine with an army. Josiah was ill-advised enough to attempt resistance. In the battle which ensued he was slain (23'^'). His motive in undertaking this expedition has been much discussed. Probably he hoped to restore the real independence of Judah. That he was beloved by his people is indicated by their deep and long-continued mourning.

2. Son of Zephaniah (Zee 6"). H. P. Smith.

JOSIAS = Josiah, king of Judah (1 Es l'- »• "• "-ki-ss. 28. 29. 82-34_ Bar l^); in 1 Es 8«i Josaphias.

JOSIPHIAH.— The father of one of Ezra's com-panions (Ezr 81") ; in 1 Es S^* Josaphias.

JOT AND TITTLK.— In Mt 5" Jesus says, ' 'fill heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled ' (||Lk 16"). The Greek words iota and keraia (WH kerea) were translated by Tindale 'iott' and 'tytle,' and these forms were retained in all the versions. The 1611 ed. of AV has 'iote' (one syllable) and ' title,' but modern printers have turned iote into 'jot,' and 'title' into 'tittle.' The iota is the smallest letter of the Greek alphabet, as is the yod in the later Hebrew. The keraia (literally ' little horn') is any small mark distinguishing one letter from another, like the stroke of a (.

JOTBAH.— Namedonlyin2 K21". It was probably in Judah, but the site is unknown.

JOTBATHAH. — A station in the journeyings of the Israelites (Nu 3333'-, Dt 10'), described as 'a land of brooks of waters.' Its position is unknown.

JOTHAM (judge). — The youngest son of Jerubbaal, who, by hiding himself, escaped the massacre of his brethren by Abimelech (Jg 9'). When Abimelech had been proclaimed king by the Shechemites, Jotham appeared, close to where they were assembled, on Mt. Gerizim, and addressed to them the 'Parable of the Trees' (98-2»). The parable, which is somewhat incon-gruous in parts, is intended as an appeal to the conscience of the Shechemites; in case the appeal should turn out to be fruitless (which indeed proved to be the case), Jotham utters a curse (v.2") against both Abimelech and the Shechemites; this curse is shortly afterwards ful-filled. After his address, Jotham flees to Beer, fearing the vengeance of Abimelech, and we hear of him no more. W. O. E. Oesteeley.

JOTHAM. — 1. A king of Judah in the time of Isaiah. His father was afflicted with leprosy, and Jotham had some sort of regency before becoming sole ruler (2 K 15') . We know nothing of him except that he rebuilt or ornamented one of the gates of the Temple (v.'s), and that the hostilities which later culminated in the inva-sion of Judah began before his death (vv."' ").

2. A Caleblte (1 Ch 2"). H. P. Smith.

JOY.—

The noun joy and its synonyms, rejoicing, gladness, mirth, the verb joy — more usually rejoice, also be (and make) jouful, be (and make) glad or merry — with the correaponding adjec-tives, represent in the OT a rich variety of Heb. synonyms not easily distinguishable. NT Greek expresses the emotion by three leading words: (a) the ordinary chara (vb. chairb', cf . charis, ' grace ' ) ; (&) a term signifying excited, demonstra-

tive Ac 2",

500

JOZABAD

joy, exultation — as noun rendered 'gladness' (Lk 1" /\<j 2", He 1': 'exceeding joy' in Jude ^), as vb. 'be exceeding glad' (Mt S'^, Rev 19'), or 'rejoice greatly' (Ac IQ^, 1 P 1^- ^ 4'3) — never found in Paul; (c) almost peculiar to Paul (who uses noun and vb. 34 times in 1 and 2 Cor., 8 times in Ro., and 8 times elsewhere), denoting joy over some personal distinction or possession, and mostly rendered 'glorying' or 'boasting' by AV, by RV uniformly 'glory-ing,' except in Ro 5^^- where it appears twice as ' rejoicing.' (d) In Lk 121" 1523 etc., 2 Co 2^, we find a familiar Gr. word for festive, social joy; (e) in Ac 27^2 etc., Ja S^^, a similar term signifying cheerfulness or high spirits. The Beatitudes of OT (under the formula 'Blessed,' or 'Happy, is the man,' etc., as in Ps 1' 127') and of the NT (Mt S'"- etc.) come under this head, as they set forth the objective conditions, spiritual or material, of religious happiness: while 'peace* (fesignates the corresponding inward state forming the substratum of joy, wnioh is happiness in its livelier but fluctuating emotional moods. Joy is to peace as the sun-shine and bright colours are to the calm light and sweet air of a summer day: on the relations of the two, see Jn li^- 2"-Ifiu 1619-33, B.O 141' 1513. 32f.^ Gal 5^, Ph 41-' etc.).

Joy is more conspicuous in Christianity than in any other religion, and in the Bible than in any other Uterature. Psychologically, joy is the index of health, resulting from the adequate engagement of the affections and the vigorous and harmonious exercise of the powers; it is the sign that the soul has found its object. In the OT, as between J" and Israel, joy is mutual. Its ascrip-tion to J" indicates the realism of the Heb. conception of the Divine personality: J" 'rejoices in his works (Gn 1" etc., Ps 104^1), and 'rejoices over' His people 'for good' (Dt 30», Zeph 3" etc.; cf. Lk 15'- '»). 'Therighteous'inturn'rejoicein J"' (Ps97i* 149^ etc.), in the fact that they have such a God and know Him (Ps 4"' 1611'- 100 etc.) — this is the supreme happiness of hfe, it is 'Ufe' in the fuU sense (Ps 36« 63i-' etc.) — particularly in His 'mercy' and 'faithfulness' and 'salvation' (Ps 21'-' 51'-" 85. 891-8, Is 25', Hab 3"^), in His wise and holy 'statutes' (Dt 4"-, Ps 119); they 'rejoice before J",' expressing their joy by sacrifice and feast (Dt 12ii'-i2 etc.), they rejoice in the natural boons of life, in the guidance of Providence (Ps 103. 116. 118 etc.), in national blessings and success (Ex 15, 1 K 8™, Is 55, Neh 12" etc.), in J"'s 'judgments' on wrong-doers (1 S 21-", Ps 48«- esi-" etc.), and in His 'premises,' which bring hope and light into the darkest days (Ps 271 -«, Jer 15", Zee 2i» 9« etc.).

The OT joy in God breaks out again in the Canticles of the NT (Lk 1««- «««■ 2™), being all the while sustained on 'the hope of Israel,' and gathering in the hidden reservoir of pious Jewish hearts. This 'joy in God' was strong in Jesus; the Intimations given by Mk 218-22, Hit 5i»-i2 eisff- 25-M 111'"", Lk 1021 and 15 (the whole ch.), Jn 21-" 15" 171', should correct the one-sided impression that in His ordinary temper our Lord was the ' man of sorrows ' ; the glow of happiness felt in His company formed an element in the charm of Jesus. Christian joy is associated with the ' finding' of Ufe's 'treasure' in true reUgion (Mt 13« etc.), with the receiving of salvation through Christ (Ac 2" 16«,

1 Th 1«), with the influence of the Holy Spirit on the soul (Ro 14", Gal 522, Eph 5i»-2»), with success in work for God and man, and hope of heavenly reward (Lk 102«f-, Jn 4K, Ro 1212, Ph lis, 1 P 413; cf. Ps 17"'. 1266), and with spiritual fellowship and friendship (Ro 12i',

2 Co 7'-i«, Ph 2iff-, 2 Jn ' etc.)— 'the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy,' etc., an inseparable pair (see Jn 15'-"). The adversities which destroy earthly happiness, like obstructions crossing a stream that rises from some deep spring, go to swell the tide of joy in the breast of the children of God; see, e.g., Mt 5i"'-, Jn 16", As 5", Ro 53-11 831-39, 1 p i6-i2_ Rey 7u.n_ jg 35

G. G. FiNDLAT.

JOZABAD.— 1. 2. 3. Three of David's heroes (1 Ch 124. 2o«£r). 4. The eponym of a Levitical family (2 Ch 3113 359 [1 Eg 10 Joram]). 5. A priest who had married a foreign wife (Ezr 1022 [1 Es 922 Ocidelus] ). 6. A Levite (Ezr 833 [1 Es 8«3 Josabdus] 1023 [1 Es 923 Jozabdus]).