JOZABDUS

7. An expounder of the Law (Neh S' [lEsg^Jozabdus]).

8. An inhabitant of Jerusalem (Neh 11"). JOZABDUS.— 1. 1 £s g23 = Ezr lO^^ Jozabad. 2.

1 Es 929 = Ezr 10" Zabbai. 3. l Es 9" = Neh 8' Jozabad.

JOZACAR.— In 2 K 12" it is said that Jozacar ben-Shimeath and Jehozabad ben-Shomer murdered Joash. The parallel 2 Ch 242» makes it clear that there was but one murderer named, and that his name has been duplicated. Jozacar and Zechariah have the same meaning, 'Jahweh remembers.' W. F. Cobb.

JOZADAK.— See Jehozadak.

JTTBAL. — A son of Lamech by Adah, and inventor of musical instruments, Gn 4^1 (J). The name prob. contains an allusion to ystiel, 'ram's horn.'

JUBILEE.— See Sabba-hcal Year.

JUBILEES, BOOK OF.— See Apocalyftic Litera-

TURE, § 2.

JUCAL — See Jehucal.

JUD^A. — A name first appearing in To 1" as applied to the old kingdom of Judah (of which Judwa is merely the Graeco-Roman equivalent), — as it was re-occupied after the Captivity by the returned descen-dants of subjects of the Southern Kingdom. Though sometimes (as in Lk 23', and more definitely in Ac 10" 26'°) loosely employed to denote the whole of Western Palestine, the name was properly confined to the southernmost of the three districts into which the Roman province of Western Palestine was divided — the other two being Galilee and Samaria. It lay between Samaria on the north and the desert of Arabia Petrsea on the south; but its exact boundaries cannot be stated more definitely. After the death of Herod, Archelaus became ethnarch of Judaea, and after his deposition it was added to the province of Syria, and governed by a procurator with his headquarters in Caesarea.

It was in the wilderness of Judsea that John the Baptist came forward as the forerunner of Christ (Mt 3>; cf. Mk 1* and Lk 3^, "the wilderness'). It is probably the same as the 'wilderness of Judah' (Jg 1«, Ps 63' [title], the desert tract to the W. of the Dead Sea. R. A. S. Macalisteh.

JUDAH (' he is to be praised ' ; the popular etymol-ogies seem to regard the name as an unabbreviated Hoph. impf . of jadah, ' to praise '). — Judah is represented as the fourth son of Leah by Jacob (Gu 29» [J] 35» (PI). Though he was of late birth, the Judaean document (J) nevertheless gives him precedence over Reuben, the firstborn, who is favoured by the later Ephraimite document E. According to J, it was Judah who pro-posed to sell Joseph in order to avert the danger which threatened him at the hands of his brethren (Gn 37»" ). Similarly, when they return tojoseph's house with the silver cup, J gives the pre-eminence to Judah, and makes him spokesman for all in his pathetic appeal to Joseph (44'<»'). Reuben, because of his lust towards Bilhah (Gu 49*, cf. SSP^), and Simeon and Levi, because of their barbarous conduct towards the Shechemites, fall before their enemies and into dis-favour with their brethren, and Judah succeeds to the primogenitureship.

A tradition is preserved in Gn 38 which is generally supposed to be of great value as bearing upon the early development of the tribe. Judah is there said to have withdrawn tiimself from his brethren and to have gone down to a certain Adullamite whose name was Hirah. There he met with Bath-shua, a Canaanitess, whom he took to wife. She bore him three sons, Er, Onan, and Shelah. Er and Onan were slain by Jahweh for their wickedness. Er's widow, Tamar, a Canaanitess also, it seems, posing by the wayside aa a hierodule, enticed Judah to intercourse with her, and of her the twin sons Perez and Zerah were born to Judah. This story is usually held to be based upon facts of tribal history,

JUDAS (IN NT)

though cast in the form of personal narrative, and also to prove clearly that Judah, like other tribal names, is but the eponymous head of the tribe. It points to the settlement of Judah in the region of Adullam and its union with foreign stock. Hirah is a Canaanite clan; Er and Onan stand for two other clans which became united to Judah, but early disappeared ; the other three continued to exist as constituents of Judah. Besides these it would appear that in the time of David the Calebite and Jerahmeelite tribes, mentioned in 1 Ch 2 as descendants of Perez, were incorporated into the tribe. In 1 S 27'° ZO" they still appear to be inde-pendent, though the Chronicler makes both Caleb and Jerahmeel descendants of Judah through Perez and Hezron, to whom also he traces David. In Nu 13 (P) Caleb, who is sent by Moses as one of the spies, belongs to Judah; but in Nu 32i2, Jos 14«- '« (R), Jg 3 etc., he is a Kenizzite, the son of Kenaz. From the la.st passage we see that Othniel, whose chief centre was Kiriath-sepher (Debir), was another closely related tribe, and both appear from Gn 36i«- « (P) to have been Edomites. Kenites, commonly supposed to be of Midianite origin, we are told in Jg 1'°, also went up from Jericho with Judah into the Wilderness.

Of all these foreign elements by which the tribe of Judah was increased, the Calebite was the most im-portant. In fact the Chronicler makes theJudahite stock consist largely of the descendants of Hezron. It was the Calebite capital, Hebron, that under David (himself said to be Hezronite) became the capital of Judah. After this time the history of the tribe becomes the history of the Southern Kingdom.

P's Sinaj census (Nu 1^') gives 74,600, and that of the Wilderness 76,500 (Nu 26a).

The territory of the tribe is described in Jos 15'^- (P); but this is late and an ideal apportionment. In the Song of Deborah Judah is not even mentioned, because 'it was not yet made up by the fusion of Israelite, Canaanite, Edomite, and Arabic elements,' as Stade (GVI 113) puts it. The Blessing of Jacob (Gn 49^-) and that of Moses (Dt 33') reflect conditions during the monarchy. How the tribe entered W. Canaan and obtained its early seat around Bethlehem it is im-possible to say. See also Tribes of Israel.

James A. Craio.

JUDAH.— 1. See preced. article. 2. Ezr 3' (cf. Neh 128) = 1 Es 5S8 Joda. 3. A Levite, Ezr 10=3=1 Es 9» Judas. 4. An overseer, Neh 11'. 5. A priest's son, Neh 12«. 6. Lk 1»°; see Jutah. 7. See next article.

JUDAH 'upon (AV) or at (RV) Jordan' (Jos 19") is a very doubtful site. It is the general opinion that the text of this passage must be corrupt, and that the name of some place near Jordan, perhaps Chinneroth, may have been lost. E. W. G. Masterman.

JUDAISM.— See Israel, II. §§ 6. 6.

JUDAS (in Apocr.), the Gr. equivalent of the Heb. name Judah. 1. The third son of Mattathias, called Maccabaeus (1 Mac 2< etc.). See Maccabees, § 2. 2. One of two captains who stood by Jonathan at Hazor (1 Mac 111°). 3. A Jew holding some important position at Jerusalem; he is named in the title of a letter sent from the Jews of Jerusalem and Judaea and the Jewish Senate to their brethren in Egypt, and to a certain Aristobulus (2 Mac 1'°). 4. A son, probably the eldest, of Simon the Maccabee (1 Mac 16"). Inn.c. 135, he, with his father and another brother named Mattathias, wais murdered at Dok by Ptolemy, the son of Abubua (16"-"). 6. 1 Es 9a=Judali of Ezr 10».

JUDAS (in NT). — 1. Judas Iscariot. — See following article.

2. Judas, the son of James (see James, 4). one of the twelve Apostles (Lk 6'°), called by Mt. (10") Lebbaeusand by Mk. (3") Thaddaeus. The only thing recorded of him is that, when Jesus promised in the Upper Room to

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