LAMP
unearthing
of
thousands
ol
lamps
in
the
course
of
recent
Palestine
exploration,
sometimes
as
many
as
two
or
three
hundred
Irom
a
single
grave,
has
made
it
possible
to
trace
the
development
of
the
lamp
from
early
pre-Israelite
to
Byzantine
times.
Only
the
barest
outhne
can
be
attempted
here.
2.
Two
main
stages
in
this
development
have
to
be
recognized,
the
first
that
of
the
open,
the
second
that
of
the
closed,
lamp,
(a)
The
earUest
form
found
in
pre-Israelite
strata
is
that
of
the
plain
open
clay
lamp
in
the
shape
of
a
shell,
or
shallow
bowl,
with
rounded
bottom.
It
is
distinguished
from
the
later
form
of
open
lamp
by
having
the
rim
only
sUghtly
pinched
along
about
one-
third
of
its
circumference,
to
keep
the
wick
in
position.
(6)
In
the
later
forms
just
referred
to,
which
are
those
of
the
late
Canaanite
and
early
Hebrew
periods,
the
hps
are
drawn
much
more
closely
together,
so
as
to
form
an
elongated
spout,
as
may
be
seen
in
the
Must
.
in
Hastings'
Z>B
iii.
24,
fig.
1
;
Bliss
and
Macalister,
Excavations
in
Palestine
(in
the
sequel
cited
as
BMExc),
plate
66;
Bhss,
Mownd
of
Many
Cities,
87.
For
types
of
(a)
and
(6)
side
by
side,
see
PEFSt,
1904,
327.
(c)
The'next
step
apparently
was
to
substitute
a
flat
base
for
the
rounded
forms
of
(a)
and
(6).
This
type
of
open
lamp
has
con-tinued
in
use
to
the
present
day
in
certain
parts
of
Syria.
3.
The
introduction
of
the
closed
lamp
cannot
as
yet
be
dated
with
certainty,
but
is
probably
due
to
Western
influence.
According
to
BUss
(BMExc.
130),
'by
Seleucidan
times
the
open
lamp
appears
largely
to
have
given
way
to
the
closed
lamp.'
(a)
The
earlier
speci-mens
of
this
type
consist
of
a
circular
bowl
closed
at
the
top,
with
the
exception
of
a
round
opening
for
pouring
in
the
oil,
with
a
flat
or
concave
base.
They
are
further
characterized
by
their
long
tapering,
and
sometimes
straight,
spout,
which
'forms
a
distinct
angle
with
the
bowl.'
These
lamps
are
entirely
without
ornament,
and
,
Uke
all
the
others,
without
handles.
(6)
The
later
closed
lamps,
on
the
other
hand,
have
their
upper
surface
ornamented
with
an
endless
variety
of
design,
ranging
from
simple
lines
through
chevrons,
spirals,
etc.,
to
animal
forms.
Numerous
specimens
of
(a)
and
(6)
are
illustrated
in
BMExc.
pi.
62,
63.
For
a
typical
lamp
of
the
Maccabfflan
period,
se&PEFSt,
1904,
348,
pl.iii.
No.
6.
This
may
be
assumed
to
have
been
the
prevaiUng
type
of
lamp
in
NT
times.
4.
Many
of
the
specimens
hitherto
given
as
illustra-tions
of
the
lamps
of
OT
are
really
of
early
Christian
or
even
Byzantine
date.
A
typical
Byzantine
form
is
given
in
BMExc.
pi.
66,
No.
6.
This
type
is
distinguished
from
the
previous
closed
type
by
the
fact
that
'the
curve
of
the
body
is
continuous
with
the
top
of
the
spout,
giving
a
generally
oval
shape.'
See
the
collections
illustrated
PEFSt,
1892,
125;
1904,
plate
iii;
1905,
150.
5.
In
addition
to
the
normal
lamp
with
a
single
wick,
the
excavations
in
northern
and
southern
Palestine
have
brought
to
light
numerous
specimens
of
'multiple
lamps,'
a
favourite
form
of
which
consisted
of
a
bowl,
having
its
rim
pinched
into
three,
four,
or
seven
spouts
(see
BMExc.
pi.
66).
As
in
other
lands,
the
Palestinian
potter
sometimes
gave
his
lamp
the
shape
of
an
animal,
such
as
the
remarkable
clay
duck
from
Gezer
described
and
illustrated
in
PEFSt,
1903,
40.
The
favourite
material
in
all
ages
was
clay.
A
good
specimen
of
a
bronze
lamp
with
a
handle,
from
the
Greek
period,
is
shown
in
BMExc.
60.
Silver
lamps
are
mentioned
in
Jth
lO'".
Those
of
the
Tabernacle
and
Temple
were
of
gold.
The
usual
Uluminant
was
the
oil
of
the
oUve;
other
oils,
including
naphtha,
are
named
in
the
Mishna
(Shabbath,
ii.
1
ff
.
)
,
where
may
be
found,
also,
a
list
of
the
substances
for
wicks
in
addition
to
the
ordinary
wick
of
twisted
flax
(Is
42'
RVm),
and
other
details
regarding
the
household
lamp.
6.
In
the
poorer
houses
the
lamp
was
placed,
as
it
still
is,
in
a
niche
in
the
wall.
It
is
in
the
case
of
a
'great
woman'
that
we
first
hear
of
a
lampstand
in
a
private
house.
Lampstands
of
stone,
about
30
inches
LANGUAGE
OF
THE
NT
in
height,
have
been
found
in
the
recent
excavations
in
Crete;
one
of
limestone
is
figured
in
Bliss,
Mound,
etc.
104,
from
Lachish.
The
candlestick
of
AV,
which,
strangely
enough,
is
retained
in
RV
(except
in
Mt
5",
where
'stand'
is
substituted),
is
of
course
a
lampstand.
For
the
elaborate
lampstands
or
'candlesticks'
of
the
Tabernacle
and
the
Temple
see
those
articles.
An
interesting
specimen
of
a
lamp
with
seven
spouts
and
stand
in
one
piece
was
found
by
Sellin
at
Taanach
(iUust.
in
his
Eine
NachZese,
etc.
22;
Benzinger,
Heb.
Arch.'
[1907]
99).
In
ancient
times,
as
at
the
present
day,
it
was
customary
to
keep
the
household
lamp
continually
alight,
hence
the
figure
in
1
K
ll",
2
K
8";
conversely,
the
putting
out
of
the
lamp
of
the
wicked
(Job
18°
[AV
'candle'],
Pr
138)
denotes
their
utter
extinction.
For
a
recently
discovered,
and
still
obscure,
early
rite
in
which
lamps
and
bowls
played
an
essential
part,
see
House,
§
3;
and
for
a
later
rite,
see
Dedication
[Feast
of].
a.
R.
S.
Kennedy.
LAMPSACTTS
(1
Mac
152»
RVm).—
See
Sampsames.
LANCE,
LANCET.—
The
former
only
Jer
SO",
RV
'spear,'
but
Heb.
is
kldBn,
hence
rather
'javelin';
the
latter
only
1
K
IS^s,
RV
'
lance,'
Heb.
rSmach.
For
both
these
weapons,
see
Armouh
and
Arms,
§
1.
LAND
CROCODILE
(Lv
11»»
RV).—
See
Chameleon
and
Lizard.
LANDMARK.—
The
word
(3661^)80
rendered
must
not
beidentifiedofE-hand,
as
is
usually
done,
with
the
)l;md«mt
or
boundary-stone
of
the
Babylonians,
for
the
funda-mental
passage,
Dt
19",
'Thou
shalt
not
remove
thy
neighbour's
landmark,
which
they
of
old
time
have
set,'
should
rather
be
rendered:
'Thou
shalt
not
remove
(or
'set
back')
thy
neighbour's
boundary,
which
they
.
.
.
ha
ve
drawn.
'
Under
the
old
Hebrew
system
of
the
cultiva-tion
in
common
of
the
village
land,
the
boundaries
of
the
plots
may
have
been
indicated
as
at
the
present
day
by
'
a
furrow
double
in
width
to
the
ordinary
one,'
at
each
end
of
which
a
stone
is
set
up,
called
the
'boundary-stone'
(.PEFSt,
1894,
p.
195
f
.).
The
form
of
land-grabbing
by
setting
back
a
neighbour's
boundary-Une
must
have
been
common
in
OT
times,
to
judge
by
the
frequent
references
to,
and
condemnations
of,
the
practice
(Dt
19"
27",
Hos
5",
Pr
22"
23",
Job
242).
A.
R.
S.Kennedy.
LANGUAGE
OP
OT
AND
APOCRYPHA.—
See
Text
Versions
and
Languages
of
OT.
LANGUAGE
OF
THE
NT.—
The
object
of
this
article
is
to
give
a
general
non-technical
account
of
the
Greek
in
which
the
NT
is
written.
It
should
be
stated
at
the
outset
that
the
standpoint
of
scholarship
in
regard
to
this
subject
has
materially
altered
since
Prof.
Thayer
wrote
his
excellent
article
in
vol.
iii.
of
the
DB.
We
shall
therefore
briefly
state
the
nature
of
our
change
in
view,
and
then
describe
the
NT
Greek
as
we
now
regard
it,
without
further
reference
to
older
theories.
1.
The
old
view.—
In
every
age
of
NT
study,
scholars
have
been
struck
by
the
fact
that
its
Greek
to
a
large
extent
stands
alone.
It
differs
immensely
from
the
lan-guage
of
the
great
classics
of
the
period
which
was
closed
some
four
centuries
earlier,
and
not
much
less
from
that
of
post-classical
writers
of
its
own
time,
even
when
those
writers
were
Palestinian
Jews,
as
was
Josephus.
During
the
17th
cent,
the
'Purist'
school
sought
to
minimize
these
differences,
holding
that
deviation
from
the
'purity'
of
classic
standards
was
a
flaw
in
the
perfection
of
the
inspired
Book,
which
must
at
all
costs
be
cleared
away.
But,
except
for
such
eccentricities
of
learning,
the
efforts
of
scholars
in
general
were
steadily
directed
towards
the
establishment
of
some
rationale
for
this
isolation
of
what
Rothe
called
the
"language
of
the
Holy
Ghost.'
Two
excellent
reasons
were
found
for
the
pecuUarities
of
NT
Greek.
(1)
NT
writers
were
steeped
in
the
language
of
the
Greek
OT,
a
translation
