LIVING CREATURES

La 2" 'my liver is poured upon the eartti' (cf. Job 16" 'lie poureth out my gall upon the ground') are further illustrations of the physiological ideas referred to above. Either they are strong expressions for a deadly disease, or they denote sorrowful emotion of the most poignant kind. 3. In Ezk 2121 the king of Babylon, at the parting of the way, 'looked in the liver' as one of the three forms of divination he employed. 4. In To 6*-" S* the liver of a fish is used for the purpose of exorcism. See, further, art. Magic Divination and Soeceky, p. sesi".

J. C, Lambbbt.

LIVING CREATURES.— See Beast, No. 2.

LIZARD.—

(1) JMd'dh, a generic name for 'lizard.'

(2) tsSb (of. Arab, dabb), tr. AV 'tortoise,' RV 'great lizard.'

(3) 'dndgah, tr. AV 'ferret,' RV 'gecko.'

(4) koach, tr. AV 'chameleon,' RV 'land crocodile.*

(5) chamet, tr. AV 'snail,' RV 'sandllzard.'

(6) tinshemeth, tr. AV 'mole,' RV 'chameleon' (wh. see).

All these names occur in Lv 1129-30, as 'unclean' animals ; most of them are very uncertain.

(7) semdmith (Pr SO"), tr. AV 'spider,' RV 'lizard.' Lizards are ubiquitous and exceedingly plentiful in

Palestine: over 40 species have been Identified. The most common is the green lizard (Lacerla mridis). The Palestinian gecko ( Ptyodactylus Hasselquistn) is common in all native houses; it is able to walk up the walls and along the ceilings by means of the disc-like suckers at the ends of its toes. If semamlth was, as many scholars claim, a lizard, then probably the gecko is the special species indicated. The dabb is a large lizard ( Uromastix spinipes), with a long spiny tail. The sandlizards or skinks are common on soft, sandy soil; seven species are found in Palestine. The 'land crocodile,' known to the Arabs as the warrel, is a large Uzard, sometimes five feet long; two species have been found in the Jordan valley — the Psammosaurus sdneus and the Monitor nUoticus. The chameleon is dealt with in a separate article. E. W. G. Mastekman.

LOAF.— See Bread.

LO-Amn. — A symbolical name given to Hosea's son (Hos 1'), signifying ' not my people,' as Lo-ruhamah, the name of his daughter, signifies ' not-pitied.' Opinions are divided as to whether these names are of actual persons used symbolically, or are purely allegorical. See art. HosEA. W. F. Cobb.

LOAN.— See Debt.

LOCK.— See House, § 6.

LOCUST.—

(l)'ar6eA(root=' to multiply') occurs more than 20 times; in Jg 6* 712, Job 392", and Jer 4623 n jg^ however, tr. 'grass-hopper' in AV.

(2) chagab (tr. AV and RV 'locust' in 2 Ch 7", elsewhere ' grasshopper'), possibly a small locust; see Lv II22, Nu IS^^, Ec 12s, Is 4022.

(3) geblm (pi.), Am 7*, AV 'grasshoppers,* RV 'locusts,' AVm * green worms ' ; oo&ai.Nah 3", AV great grasshoppers,' RV 'swarms of grasshoppers.'

The remaining words are very uncertain. (4) gazam, tr. 'palmer worm ' (i.e. caterpillar). (5) yeleq, tr. (RV) 'canker-worm.' (6) cAosii, tr. ' caterpillar.' Thesethree(Jll<22'etc.) may all be stages in the development of the locust, or they may, more probably, be some varieties of grasshoppers. (7) chargdl, Lv 1 122(nii3translated in AV ' beetle ' ; RV ' cricket'), and (S)sol'am, Lv 1 122 (tr. AV and R V ' bald locust') are also some varieties of locust or grasshopper (it is impossible to be certain of the varieties specified) . (9) tseldtsal, Dt 28^2^ from a root meaning ' whirring,' may refer to the cicada, which fills the countryside with its striclent noise all through the hot summer.

Locusts and grasshoppers are included in the family Acrididce. The latter are always plentiful, but the locusts fortunately do not appear in swarms, except at intervals of years. The most destructive kinds are Acridium peregrinum and Xdipoda migratoria. When they arrive in their countless millions, they darken the sky (Ex 10"). The poetical description in Jl 2'-"

LOGOS

is full of faithful touches; particularly the extraordinary noise they make (v.') when they are all feeding together. Their voracious onslaught is referred to in Is 33<, and their sudden disappearance when they rise in clouds to seek new fields for destruction is mentioned in Nah 3". They clear every green thing in their path (Ex 10"). No more suitable figure can be conceived for an invading army (Jg &■ 7>2, Jer 4623). when, some forty years ago, the Anezi Bedouin from E. of the Jordan swarmed on to the Plain of Esdraelon, an eye-witness looking from Nazareth described the plain as stripped utterly bare, 'just as if the locusts had been over it.' When locusts are blown seaward, they fall into the water in vast numbers (Ex 10"). The present writer has seen along the N. shore of the Dead Sea a continuous ridge of dead locusts washed up. The smell of piles of rotting locusts is intolerable. The feebleness and insignificance of these little insects, as viewed individually, are referred to in Nu 133', ps 10921, is 4022. Locusts are still eaten (cf . Mt 3'). See Food, 8. E. W. G. Mastekman.

LOD, LTDDA. — A town in the territory of Benjamin, not apparently of pre-Israelite origin, but built (1 Ch 8'2), along with Ono, by the Benjamite Shemed (but Luthen and Auanau occur side by side in the lists of Thothmes m.). Elsewhere it is mentioned only in the post- Captivity lists (Ezr 233, Neh 73' 113S); and in connexion with the healing of iEneas at this place (Ac 932). Its inhabitants were enslaved by Cassius, and freed by Antony (Jos. Ant. xiv. xi. 2, xii. 2). Cestius Gallus burned it, and it afterwards surrendered to Vespasian (.BJ. II. xix. 1, IV. viii. 1). In the Middle Ages it was the seat of a bishopric. It is a centre of the cultus of that strange being called by the Christians Saint George (to whom the church is dedicated), and by the Muslims d-Khudr — probably an ancient spirit of vegetation. It was known as Diospolis in the Byzantine period, but the dirty modern town which represents the ancient site retains the old name Ludd. R. A. S. Macausteh.

LODDEUS (1 Es 8«. ■i8)._The 'captain in the place of the treasury' (or 'at the place Casiphia,' Ezr 8")' to whom Ezra sent for Levites; called Iddo in Ezr 8".

LO-DEBAR. — A place in Gilead, near to, and appar-ently east from, Mahanaim. It was the retreat of Mephibosheth till he was summoned to court by David (2 S 9*- '). It is mentioned also upon the occasion of David's flight to the east of the Jordan (I72'). The site has not been recovered. It is perhaps the same as Lidebir of Jos 132°.

LODGE. — See Cucumbers.

LOFT.— See House, 6.

LOG. — See Weights and Measures.

LOGIA.— See Gospels, § 2 (c).

LOGOS. — In classical Greek logos signifies both ' word ' and 'reason,' but in the LXX and the NT it is used, with few exceptions, in the former sense only. When it is God's word that is spoken of, it denotes the declara-tion or revelation of the Divine will, and specifically the Christian gospel as the utterance of the Divine plan of salvation (e.g. Mt 13"-23||, Ph 1»). But in the Prologue to the Fourth Gospel (1' [3 times] ", with which cf. 1 Jn 1' [5' of AV is spurious; see RV] and Rev 19'3) ' Logos' (EV Word) is applied to Jesus Christ, and is used to set forth His pecuUar glory as the only- begotten Son of God, who is also the Life and Light of men. It is with this Johannine Logos that we have now to deal, and in doing so it seems necessary to consider (1) the content of John's Logos doctrine; (2) its sources; (3) its place in the Fourth Gospel; (4) its theological signifi-cance.

1. Content. — Three stages appear in the exposition of the Logos doctrine given in the Prologue, (a) First (vv.'-'), the nature and functions of the Logos are set forth in His relations to God, the world, and man. He was with God in the beginning, i.e. He eternally held a

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