LUNATIC

The accuracy of the Gospel is really vouched for by the remarkable accuracy of Acts, which gives so many opportunities of testing it (see art. Acts of the Apostles, § 12, and also art. Lysanias). But it may be asked whether Luke was a good chronologer. Did he really write 'in order' (Lk 1')? This phrase does not necessarily imply chronological order; it may merely imply method. Yet the chronological note in 3' leads us to think that Luke meant the former, though he certainly is less definite as to dates than Josephus or Tacitus, who were able to consult public records. Sir Wm. Ramsay decides that he had ' little of the sense for chronology.' It may be said, however, that he had more of this characteristic than his predecessors. The sources used by him had probably few, if any, marks of time. The earliest generation of disciples did not write histories for posterity, but religious narratives to teach their contemporaries faith. Luke, however, does insert some definite chronological landmarks; we may be certain that they come from him and not from his sources. He shows his trustworthiness in giving dates when he can do so; and when he has no information he does not pretend to guide us. A. J. Maclean.

LUNATIC— See Moon, Possession.

LUST. — The Eng. word 'lust,' which is now restricted to sexual desire, formerly expressed strong desire of any kind. And so, as Thomas Adams says, there can be a lusting of the Spirit, for the Spirit lusteth against the flesh (Gal 5").

LUTE. — See Music and Musical Instruments, 4 (1) (6).

LUZ.— 1. Gn 28" 3S» 48», Jos 16' 1S'\ Jg 1"-". The exact locality is uncertain, and a comparison of the above passages will show that it is also uncertain whether Luz and Bethel were one or two sites. In Gn 28" it is stated that Jacob changed the name of the place of his vision from Luz to Bethel (cf. also Gn 36', Jg l^s). The two passages in Joshua, however, seem to contradict this; both of them speak of Luz and Bethel as two distinct places. A possible solution is that Luz was the name of the old Canaanite city, and Bethel the pillar and altar of Jacob outside the city. 2. Luz is also the name of a city built on Hittite territory after the destruc-tion of the original Canaanite city (Jg l^^).

T. A. MoxoN.

LYCAONIA meant originally the country inhabited by the Lycaones, a central tribe of Asia Minor. It is for the most part a level plain, which is merged on the north and east in the plains of Galatia and Cappadocia, and is bounded on the west and south by hills. It was and is an excellent country for pasturage. Its exact boundaries varied at different times. At some un-certain date a part of Lyoaonia, containing fourteen cities, of which Iconium was one, was transferred to Galatia. (See Iconium.) Lycaonia was part of the Seleucid Empire until B.C. 190. Later the whole or part of it belonged successively to the Pergamenian kings, the Galatians, Cappadocia, and Pontus. At the settle-ment of B.C. 64 by Pompey, the north part was added to Galatia, the south-east to Cappadocia, and the west was added to the Roman Empire, to be administered by the governor of the Roman province Cilicia. In B.C. 39 Mark Antony gave the western part (including Lystra and Iconium) to Polemon, but in B.C. 36 it was trans-ferred to Amyntas along with Galatia proper. (See Galatia.) Amyntas conquered Derbe and Laranda, which were incorporated in the Roman Empire when Amyntas' kingdom was made into the province Galatia in B.C. 25. In a.d. 37 Eastern Lycaonia, which up to that time had continued under the weak Cappadocian rule, was placed under Antiochus of Commagene, along with most of Cilicia Tracheia, and got the name Lycaonia Antiochiana.

Under Claudius and Nero, when St. Paul visited the churches of South Galatia, Lycaonia included the

560

LYDIA

two parts, the Roman and Antiochian. The former part included Lystra and Derbe and a number of smaller places, and it is correctly described in Ac 14«. The Apostles, when persecuted at Iconium in Phrygia (or the Phrygian district of the vast province Galatia), crossed into Lycaonia (another district of the same province). In Ac 16>-« this territory is not explicitly named, but its two cities are mentioned by name. In Ac 18^ the samecities are included in the expression used.

Both parts of Lycaonia were comprised in the united province of Galatia^Cappadocia under Vespasian and his sons (a.d. 70 onwards). They were again divided by Trajan in 106. About a.d. 137 'the triple eparchy' was formed, consisting of Cihcia, Lycaonia, and Isauria.

The name of the Lycaonians is not mentioned in the Bible, but their language is in Ac 14": it was no doubt prevalent in the villages and smaller towns.

A collection of Christian inscriptions (of 3rd cent. a.d. and later) has been discovered in Lycaonia, which for numbers cannot be matched in any other Eastern province. They show the wide diffusion of Christianity in this district evangelized by St. Paul. A. Souter.

LYCIA was a mountainous country in the S.W. of Asia Minor, which played very little part in the early history of Christianity. In it were situated many great cities, such as Fatara (Ac 21') and Myra (Ac 27', cf.21'). The former was a celebrated seatof the worship of Apollo, the latter an important harbour, between which and Alexandria there was constant trafiSc in ancient times. Lycia was ruled by the Persians, and conquered by Alexander the Great. After his death it belonged to the Seleucid Empire, was then taken from Antiochus by the Romans in b.c. 188, and given to Rhodes at first, but afterwards freed in b.c. 168. It was one of the self-governing states, to which the Romans sentlettersinfavour of the JewsinB. 0.138-7(1 Mac 15"); see Caria, Delos. This proves that there were Jews there. Lycia was made a Roman province by Oaudius in A.D. 43 on account of dissensions between its cities, and in a.d. 74 was formed into a double province along with Pamphylia. A. Souter.

LTDDA.— See Lod.

LYDIA was the name for the central part of the coast-land on the west of Asia Minor in ancient times, having been so called from the race which inhabited it, the Lydians. At the earliest time of which we have any knowledge it was a prosperous kingdom, and the name of the last king, Croesus, has become proverbial for wealth. The Persians seized the kingdom from him about B.C. 646 ('Lydia' in Ezk 30' AV is corrected to 'Lud' in RV). Alexander the Great conquered it in B.C. 334. The possession of it was disputed by the Pergamenians and Seleucids till B.C. 190, in which year it became definitely Pergamenian (cf. 1 Mac 8*). In B.C. 133 it passed by will with the rest of the Perga-menian kingdom into the Roman Empire, and the whole kingdom was henceforth known as the province Asia, by which name alone it is indicated in the NT (see Asia). After the formation of this province, the term 'Lydia' had only an ethnological significance. The chief interest of Lydia for us is that it contained several very ancient and important great cities (of the Ionian branch), Smyrna, Ephesus, Sardis, Colophon, etc., some of which were among the 'churches of Asia.' The evangelization of the country is connected with St. Paul's long residence in Ephesus (Ac 19i«-). A. Souter.

LYDIA. — A seller of purple-dyed garments at Philippi, probably a widow and a 'proselyte of the gate' (see art. Nicolas), whom St. Paul converted on his first visit to that city, together with her household, and with whom he and his companions lodged (Ac 16"'- ">). She was of Thyatira in the district of Lydia, the W. central portion of the province Asia, a district famed for its purple dyes; but was doubtless staying at Philippi for the purpose of her trade. She was apparently