PALLU

country, and its population received the Arab element which is still dominant within it. It may be mentioned in passing that coins of ChosroSs are occasionally found in Palestine; and that of the early Arab domination many noteworthy buildings survive, chief of which is the glorious dome that occupies the site of the Hebrew Temple at Jerusalem.

The Moslem rule was at first by no means tyrannical; but, as the spirit of intolerance developed, the Christian inhabitants were compelled to undergo many sufferings and indignities. This, and the desire to wrest the holy places of Christendom from the hands of the infidel, were the- ostensible reasons for the invasions of the brigands who called themselves Crusaders, and who established in Jerusalem a kingdom on a feudal basis that lasted throughout the 12th century. An institu-tion so exotic, supported by men morally and physically unfit for life in a sub-tropical climate, could not outlast the first enthusiasm which called it into being. Worn out by immoraUty, by leprosy and other diseases, and by mutual dissensions, the unworthy champions of the Cross disappeared before the heroic Saladin, leaving as their legacy to the country a score or so of place names; a quantity of worthless ecclesiastical tradi-tions; a number of castles and churches, few of which possess any special architectural interest, and many of which, by a strange irony, have been converted into mosques: and, among the Arab natives, an unquench-able hatred of Christianity.

We must pass over the barbarous Mongolian invasions, the last of which was under Timur or Tamerlane at the end of the 14th century. But we must not omit to mention the Turkish conquest in 1516, when Syria obtained the place which it still holds in the Ottoman Empire. R. A. S. MacaI/Isteh.

PALLtr.— One of the sons of Reuben (Gn 46', Ex 6", Nu 265- 8, 1 Ch 5'). The patronymic Palluites occurs in Nu 265- We should probably read Pallu for Peleth in Nu 161.

PALM TREE (iamSr).— The date palm (Fhcenix dactylifera) is a tree essential to existence in the deserts of Arabia, and was therefore held sacred among the Semites from the earliest historic times. It flourishes in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the oases of Arabia (Ex 15=^', Nu 33'), but its cultivation has for long been much neglected in Palestine. It is still found in considerable numbers in the Maritime Plain, e.g. at the Bay of 'Akka and at Gaza; and small scattered groups occur all over the land in the neighbourhood of springs. In the valleys east of the Dead Sea, many sterile, dwarfed palms occur. Both in the OT (Dt 34^, Jg l" 3^\ 2 Ch 28") and in Josephus (BJ iv. viii. 2-3), Jericho is famous for its vast groves of palms; to-day there are but few, and these quite modern trees. Not only are dates a staple diet in Arabia and an important article of export, but the plaited leaves furnish mats and baskets, the bark is made into ropes, and the seeds areground up for cattle. From the dates is made a kind of syrup, date-honey or dibs, a valuable substitute for sugar. The method of fertilization of the female (pistillate) flowers by the pollen from the male (staminate) flowers was known in very ancient times, and nature was then, as now, assisted by shaking out the pollen over the female flowers. The palm tree is referred to (Ps 92'^) as a sign of prosperity and (Ca 7'- s) of beauty. Figures of palm trees were used to ornament the Temple (1 K 6); at a later period they occur on Jewish coins and in the sculpture of the ancient Jewish synagogues, notably in the recently excavated synagogue at Tell Ham (Capernaum). The sacredness of this tree thus persisted from the early Semite to late Jewish times. Palm branches were used at the rejoicings of the Feast of Tabernacles (Lv 23*'', Neh 8i»), as they are among the modern Jews, who daily, during this feast, wave branches of palms in their synagogues. In 1 Mac 13"

PANNAG

we read of the bearing of palm branches as the sign of triumphant rejoicing — an idea also implied in their use in Jn 12is and Rev T. To-day these branches are used by the Moslems especially at funeral processions, and to decorate graves. E. W. G. Mastebman.

PALMER-WORM.— Old Eng. for 'caterpiUar,' see Locust.

PALST. — The modern form of this word is 'paralysis.' See Medicine, p. SQQ".

PALTI.— 1. The Benjamite spy (Nu IS'). 2. The man to whom Michal, David's wife, was given by Saul (IS 25"). In 2 S 3" he is called Paltiel. SeefoUowing article under No. 2.

PALTIEL. — 1. The prince of Issachar (Nu 34»). 2. 2 S 3", the same as Palti of 1 S 25".

PALTITE, THE.— A native of Beth-pelet in the Negeb of Judah (Jos 15", Neh ll™). To this town belonged Helez, one of David's thirty heroes (2 S 23^6). In the parallel lists (1 Ch 11" 271") he is described, probably incorrectly, as 'the Pelonite.'

PAMPHYLIA.— The name of a district on the S. coast of Asia Minor, lying between Lycia and Cilicia. Strictly speaking, it consisted of a plain 80 miles long and (at its widest part) 20 miles broad, lying between Mt. Taurus and the sea. After a.d. 74 the name was appUed to a Roman province which included the moun-tainous country to the N., more properly called Pisidia, but until that time it was used only in the narrower sense. The plain was shut in from all N. winds, but was well watered by springs from the Taurus ranges. Through lack of cultivation it has in modern times become very malarious, and in ancient times, though better cultivated, the district was never favourable to the development of a vigorous population. Moreover, it was very isolated except by sea, for the mountains to the N. had no good roads, and were infested by brigands. Even Alexander had to fight his way through them.

The name is probably derived from the Pamphyli, one of the three Dorian tribes, and it ia hkely that Dorian settlers entered Pamphylia at the time of the other Dorian migrations. But the Greek element never prevailed, and though Side and Aspendos were half-Greek cities in the 5th cent. B.C., the Greek that they spoke was very corrupt and was written in a corrupt alphabet. Side is said to have earned its prosperity as the market of Cilician pirates. The town of Attalia was founded in the 2nd century. But more important was the native town of Perga, situated inland and having apparently a port of its own on the river Cestrus at a distance of 5 miles. It was a reUgious centre^ where a goddess ' Artemis of Perga' was worahipped, her ntes corre-sponding to those associated with Diana of the Ephesians, and being therefore more Asiatic than Greek. The ruins of the city date from the period of the Seleucid kings of Syria. Pamphylia was in turn subject to Persia, Macedonia, Syria, Pergamus, and Rome.

Paul and Barnabas on their first missionary journey crossed from Cyprus to Perga, but seem to have gone straight on to Antioch without preaching. It was at Perga that John Mark left them (Ac 13"). On the return journey, before taking ship at AttaUa, they preached at Perga (Ac 14^5), but by this time they had deflnitely determined to 'turn to the Gentiles' (cf. 13"). Christianity was slow in taking hold of Pamphylia, — there is no mention of it in 1 P 1' — and this was prob-ably due partly to the absence of Jewish centres, partly to the backwardness of the district. Christianity made way most quickly in the chief centres of thought. See Perga. A. E. Hillard.

PAN.— See House, § 9.

PANELLED. — See Cieled.

PANNACr. — A word of doubtful genuineness occurring only in Ezk 27", in a list of articles which had a place in the commerce of Judah and Israel with Tyre. RV simply transhterates the word, with marg. note, ' perhaps a kind of confection.' AV had understood the word as a place name, 'wheat of Minnith and Pannag.' Of

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