PAPER
the
suggested
emendations
may
be
mentioned
Cornill's
'wax'
(fiOnag),
and
Cheyne's
'grape-syrup,'
for
whicli
see
Honey.
A.
R.
S.
Kennedy.
PAPER.—
See
Writing,
§
6.
PAPER
REEDS.
—
See
Meadow,
Reed.
PAPHOS
was
the
name
ol
two
cities
in
the
W.
of
Cyprus,
Old
Paphos
about
a
mile
from
the
sea,
New
Paphos
(now
Baffo)
about
seven
miles
N.W.
of
this.
The
Phoenician
origin
of
the
former
need
not
be
doubted;
the
latter
was
by
tradition
a
Greek
settlement,
but
in
both
the
chief
object
of
worship
was
the
'Paphian
goddess,'
undoubtedly
of
Syrian
origin,
and
worshipped
under
the
form
of
a
conical
stone,
though
identified
by
the
Greeks
with
Aphrodite.
Old
Paphos
was
desolate
in
the
time
of
Jerome.
New
Paphos
was
the
centre
of
the
Roman
administration
in
Cyprus.
It
was
here
that
St.
Paul
encountered
the
Roman
proconsul
Sergius
Paulus
in
his
first
missionary
journey
—
the
first
pres-entation
of
Christianity
before
Roman
authorities
(Ac
13=-").
A.
E.
HiLLAED.
PAPYRI
AND
OSTRACA.—
Until
almost
the
end
of
the
19th
cent.,
the
most
important
records
of
antiquity,
apart
from
the
authors,
that
had
been
preserved
for
literary
reasons,
were
the
inscriptions
on
stone
and
metal.
Pubhshed
in
great
collections,
and
utiUzed
by
scholars
of
all
civiUzed
countries,
they
have
given
new
hfe
to
all
branches
of
the
study
of
antiquity,
to
history
in
the
widest
sense
of
the
word,
and
in
particular
to
the
history
of
States,
law,
economics,
language,
and
rehgion.
The
age
of
modern
epigraphy
has
been
ex-traordinarily
productive
of
knowledge
that
never
could
have
been
discovered
from
the
authors
alone.
And
the
end
has
not
yet
come.
The
researches
and
excava-tions
of
European
and
American
archseological
institutes
and
of
special
archaeological
expeditions,
in
which
the
Governments
of
almost
all
civilized
countries
and
many
wealthy
individuals
have
taken
part,
bring
to
light
innumerable
inscribed
stones
every
year.
Then
there
are
the
engineering
enterprises
for
opening
up
the
countries
of
the
Levant
to
traflBc
and
commerce.
In
the
construction
of
railways
particularly,
but
also
in
other
similar
undertakings,
a
quantity
of
epigraphical
material
is
discovered
and
made
accessible
to
scholars.
These
epigraphical
records
were
reinforced
in
the
last
quarter
of
the
19th
cent,
by
two
quite
new
groups
of
records,
both
of
which
have
ushered
in
a
new
epoch
in
the
science
of
antiquity,
viz.
the
Papyri
and
the
Ostraca.
Both
have
led
to
the
development
of
entirely
new
branches
of
study.
In
comparison
with
the
in-scriptions
they
not
only
constitute
an
enormous
quanti-tative
increase
of
our
materials,
but
also
quaUtatively
they
are
of
quite
special
importance:
they
aUow
us
to
see
into
the
private
life
of
the
men
of
antiquity
—
their
most
private
life,
in
fact
—
much
deeper
than
we
could
ever
have
done
by
aid
of
the
authors
and
the
inscriptions.
Suppose
for
a
moment
that"chance
excavations
in
an
absolutely
dry
mound
of
rubbish
were
to
lead
to
the
discovery
of
whole
bundles
of
original
private
letters,
contracts,
wills,
judicial
reports,
etc.,
relating
to
our
own
ancestors
of
the
10th
cent.
a.d.
—
what
a
wave
of
excitement
would
run
through
the
whole
of
the
learned
world
I
How
few
are
the
documents
that
we
do
possess
of
the
private
Ufe
of
those
timesi
History
preserves
the
old
inscribed
stones,
the
archives
of
kings,
the
chanceries
of
the
great
churches
and
municipalities,
but
suffers
the
written
memorials
of
peasants,
soldiers,
women,
artizans,
to
disappear
after
a
few
years
without
a
trace.
It
was
exactly
the
same
in
antiquity.
The
tradition
that
had
come
down
to
us
was
on
the
whole
the
tradition
preserved
in
the
history
of
what
was
great
—
the
history
of
nations,
potentates,
the
intellectual
leaders
in
art,
science,
and
religion;
and
that
is
true
In
great
measure
of
the
inscriptions,
which
for
the
PAPYRI
AND
OSTRACA
most
part
owe
their
origin
to
princes,
cities,
and
wealthy
individuals.
Only
those
rare
inscriptions
that
originated
in
the
middle
and
lower
classes
of
ancient
society
had
to
some
extent
counterbalanced
the
one-sidedness
of
the
materials
available
as
sources.
The
papyri
and
ostraca,
however,
have
remedied
the
defect
in
a
most
unexpected
manner.
Rubbish
mounds
such
as
that
which
we
just
now
assumed
hypothetically
to
be
discoverable
in
our
own
country,
but
which
in
reaUty,
owing
to
the
dampness
of
our
cUmate,
probably
do
not
exist
anywhere
in
the
West,
occur
in
large
numbers
in
Egypt.
In
ancient
times
the
dumping
grounds
for
rubbish
and
refuse
were
on
the
outskirts
of
the
cities,
towns,
and
villages.
Whole
bundles
of
documents
that
were
too
old
to
be
worth
preserving
were
thrown
on
these
rubbish
heaps
by
the
authorities,
instead
of
being
burned
;
and
private
persons
did
the
same
when
they
wished
to
get
rid
of
written
matter
that
had
accumulated
and
was
considered
valueless.
The
centuries
have
covered
these
ancient
rubbish-shoots
with
layers
of
dust
and
sand,
and
this
covering
has
united
with
the
great
dryness
of
the
cUmate
to
preserve
most
excellently
the
old
sheets
of
papyrus
and
the
inscribed
fragments
of
pottery.
Of
course
these
texts,
when
re-discovered
in
our
own
day,
throw
a
flood
of
light
upon
the
upper
cultivated
class,
but
for
the
most
part
they
are
documents
of
the
middle
and
lower
classes.
It
had
long
been
known
that
papyrus
was
in
antiquity
a
very
popular
writing
material.
The
pith
of
the
papyrus
plant,
which
thrives
excellently
in
the
damp
levels
of
the
Nile,
was
cut
into
strips,
and
from
these
strips,
laid
cross-wise,
horizontally
and
vertically,
upon
each
other,
the
sheets
of
papyrus
were
manufactured
by
gumming
and
pressing.
Perishable
as
the
material
seems,
it
is
in
reality
excellent.
We
possess
Egyptian
papyri
of
the
time
of
Idng
Assa
(c.
b.c.
2600
accord-ing
to
Eduard
Meyer's
chronology);
and
most
of
the
papyri
now
in
our
museums
have
lain
more
than
1500
years
in
the
earth
of
Egypt.
It
is
therefore
not
such
a
fantastic
plan
that
has
lately
been
suggested
in
Italy,
viz.,
to
re-introduce
the
manufacture
of
papyrus
and
estabhsh
it
as
a
State
monopoly
in
connexion
with
the
making
of
bank
notes.
It
is
hoped
in
this
way
to
obtain
a
material
as
durable
as
it
would
be
dlfflcult
to
counterfeit.
The
first
discoverers
of
written
papyri
must
have
been
Egyptian
fellahln,
digging
in
the
old
rubbish
mounds
for
good
earth
and
treasure.
In
the
year
1778
a
European
noticed
a
number
of
papyrus
documents
in
the
hands
of
some
of
these
peasants;
he
bought
one,
and
watched
them
burn
some
fifty
others
in
order
that
they
might
enjoy
the
aromatic
smoke.
The
one
docu-ment
came
to
Europe;
it
is
the
Charta
Borglana,
the
decipherment
of
which
marks
the
first
beginning
of
papyrology.
Though
a
good
number
of
other
papyri
reached
the
European
museums
in
the
course
of
the
19th
cent.,
only
a
few
scholars
took
any
trouble
to
cultivate
papyrology
further,
until
in
1877,
a
hundred
years
after
the
acquisition
of
the
Charta
Borglana,
many
thousands
of
pap3Ti
came
to
Ught
from
the
rubbish
mounds
near
the
'City
of
Crocodiles'
or
'City
of
the
Arsenoites,'
the
old
capital
of
the
province
of
el-Fayyum
in
Middle
Egypt.
This
was
the
beginning
of
a
new
epoch
that
has
led
to
a
gigantic
development
of
the
infant
science
of
papyri.
The
period
of
chance
discoveries,
the
harvest
of
which
used
from
merely
financial
considerations
to
be
scattered
hither
and
thither,
has
been
succeeded
by
a
period
of
systematic
excavations
carried
out
by
highly
trained
speciaUsts,
who
keep
together
the
documents
they
discover
and
pubhsh
them
in
collected
form.
British
scholars
particularly
have
performed
signal
services
by
discovering
and
publishing
papyri.
FUnders
Petrie
has
obtained
magnificent
specimens
from
mummy-wrappings
which
had
been
made
by
sticking
papyri
