PEACE-OFFERING

conspicuous in ttie (Hebraistic) Benedictions (see Mk 5", Lk 7'» 24«, Jn 14", Ja 2" etc.) and in the episto-lary Salutations. In the latter formulae, ' peace ' com-prehends the sum of blessing experienced, as 'grace' the sum of blessing bestowed, from God in Christ. The Messianic peace (1 (2), above) reappears in Lk 1" 2", Mt 10«; and the peace of harmony with God (1 (3)) in Jn 16's, Ac 10», Ro 8« 1S», Ph 4' etc. The uses just named are gathered up, with a deepened sense, into the specific NT doctrine of peace, of which Paul is the exponent, and Ro 5' the classical text (cf. V", also 2 Co S'«-", Eph 2i3-'8, Col 12"; see article on Justifica-tion) : ' peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ ' is the state and the experience of those who have been ' reconciled ' to the Father through the sacrifice offered by the Son of His love, whose 'trespasses' are 'tor- given' and in whose heart 'the spirit of adoption' dwells. Reconciled to God, men are reconciled to life and the world; by His cross Christ 'has slain' at a blow ' the enmity ' between God and man and between race and race (Eph 2i«). 'Peace on earth' is to flow from 'the peace of Christ' that 'rules in' Christian 'hearts'

(Col 3"). G. G. FiNDLAY.

PEACE-OFFERING.— See SACSIFIC& AND Offbkinq, 12.

PEACOCKS.— 1. tUkklyyfm, 1 K 10», 2 Ch 9='. The word may be from the Tamil tokei meaning ' pea-cock,' but from the fact that the LXX has in 1 K lO^^ 'carved stones,' and that in 2 Ch 9^1 the word is omitted, the tr. is doubtful. The peacock (.Pavo crislatus) is a native of India. 2. rmanim, AV tr. in Job 39" ' peacock.' See Obthich. E. W. G. Mastehman.

PEARL. — References in OT are uncertain. In Job 28" gabish is in AV tr. ' pearls, ' but in RV ' crystal,' while penlnlm in same verse is in AV tr. 'rubies,' but in RVm 'pearls.' In Est 1° dar should perhaps be rendered 'pearl' or 'mother-of-pearl.' In NT pearls (Gr. margaritai) are mentioned in Mt 7° 13'"-, 1 Ti 2', Rev 21"'. The last ref. must be to mother-of-pearl. Pearls are a pathological production of the mollusc Amcula margarUifera. E. W. G. Masterman.

PEDAHEL.— The prince of Naphtali (Nu Si").

PEDAHZUR. — The father of the prince of the tribe of Manasseh (Nu l'" 22» ?"■ " 10«).

PEDAIAH (' J" has redeemed'). — 1. Father of Joel, ruler of Manasseh, west of the Jordan, in the time of David (1 Ch 272"). 2. 'Of Rumah,' father of Zebudah the mother of Jehoiaklra (2 K 23«»). 3. Son of Jeconiah (1 Ch 3"), in 1 Ch 3" called the father of Zerubbabel, who, however, is otherwise represented as the son of Pedaiah's brother Shealtiel. 4. A man of the family of Parosh, who repaired the wall of Jerusalem (Neh 3^*). 6. One of those who stood by Ezra when he read the Law to the people (Neh 8«; 1 Es 9" Phaldeus), perhaps identical with 4. 6. A Levite (Neh 13"). 7. A Ben-jamite (Neh 11'). W. F. Boyd.

PEDIAS (1 Es 9») = Ezr 10» Bedeiah.

PEEP. — To 'peep' (Is 8" 10") is to 'cheep' as nestlings do. RV mistakenly has 'chirp.'

PEEAH was one of the last kings of Israel. The country was unsettled, and there was great discontent on account of the heavy tribute paid to Assyria. Pekah made himself the organ of the dissatisfaction, and murdered his king Fekahiah (2 K 15i»). He needed the help of only fifty soldiers or bravos to accomplish his purpose. Once on the throne he set on foot a move-ment against the Assyrians in which all the kingdoms of Syria were to unite. When the king of Judah held out against it, Pekah and Rezin invaded that country, as is set forth in the art. Ahaz. The Assyrians were prompt in meeting the coalition, and the issue can hardly have been doubtful, except to those who were blinded by patriotism. The fall of Damascus was

PENDANTS

followed by the ravaging of the districts of Israel north and east of Samaria, and the transportation of their inhabitants to remote portions of the empire. The capital would no doubt have been besieged had not the party friendly to Assyria got the upper hand and re-moved Pekah by the usual method of assassination (v.'"). The leader in this movement, Hoshea by name, had an understanding with the Assyrian king, and was perhaps from the first a creature of his. Abject sub-mission on his part saved Samaria for the time being. The length of Pekah's reign is given as twenty years, which is difficult to reconcile with other data at our command. The true period cannot have been more than five years. H. P. Smith.

FEKAHIAH, son of Menahem, was king of Israel for a short time in the troubled period which preceded the fall of Samaria. The record tells us nothing about him except that he displeased Jahweh by walking in the sins of Jeroboam i., and that he was assassinated by Pekah, one of his officers (2 K lS2»-»). H. P. Smith.

PEKOD.— Probably the Bab. Pukudu, a people settled in Lower Babylonia, possibly of Aramaean race (Ezk 23", Jer SO"). Their seat was near the mouth of the Uknu River. C. H. W. Johns.

PELAIAH.— 1. A son of Elioenai (1 Ch 3"). 2. A Levite who helped Ezra to expound the Law (Neh 8' [1 Es 9" Phalias)), and sealed the covenant (Neh 10'»).

PELALIAH.— A priest (Neh 11").

FELATIAH.— 1. A 'prince of the people' (Ezk 11'): he died as the prophet delivered his message (v."). It is difficult to decide whether Pelatiah's death is to be understood as actual or merely symbolical. 2. A grandson of Zerubbabel (1 Ch 3"'). 3. A Simeonite (1 Ch 4«). 4. A signatory to the covenant (Neh lO"").

FELEG. — A descendant of Shem in the fourth genera-tion, according to the table of peoples given in Gn 10. In Lk 3"' he stands a generation further off through the interpolation of Cainan from the LXX. The etymology of the name is uncertain. Its reference may be geographical, or racial, or, as the word means ordinarily ' a water-course,' it may denote a land cut up by streams. W. F. Cobb.

PELET.— 1. A son of Jahdai (1 Ch 2<'). 2. A Ben-jamite chief who joined David at Ziklag (1 Ch 12^).

FELETH.— 1. See Pallu. 2. A Jerahmeelite (1 Ch

2M).

PELETHITES. — See Cherbthites and Pelethiteb.

PELICAN iqa'ath, prob. from root 'to vomit'). — One of the 'unclean' birds (Lv ll'*, Dt 14") inhabit-ing the ruins of Nineveh (Zeph 2», where AV haa 'coTmorant'), and desolate Idumaea (Is 34"). 'A pelican in the wilderness' is referred to in Ps 102^. If in these two last qa'ath is really 'pelican,' it is a poetical and conventional reference, for this bird's habitat is always near pools of water or the sea; the creature's attitude after a plentiful gorge, when he sits with his head sunk on his breast, is supposed to suggest melancholy. In Palestine two species are known, of which the white pelican <,Pelicanus onocrotalus) is plentiful in the more retired parts of the Jordan lakes, especially in the Huleh. It is nearly 6 feet from beak to end of tail, and is remarkable chiefly for its pouch, in which it collects fish for feeding itself and its young. The other species is P. criapus, the Dalmatian pelican. E. W. G. Mastbbman.

PELONITE . — A designation applied to two of David's heroes (1 Ch 11"- "). For the former see Paltite. In the second case 'Pelonite' is prob. a scribal error for ■ Gilonite.'

PEN. — See Writing, 6.

PENCIL. — See Arts and Crafts, 1; Line, 6.

PENDANTS. — See Amulets, Ornaments, § 2.

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