RAAMAH
the
matter
in
hand,
but
without
intention
of
affirming
any
other
connexion
than
this
between
the
OT
thought
and
the
NT
fact
or
teaching.
The
writer
may
be
conscious
of
this
influence
of
the
OT
language
or
not,
and
the
interpreter
often
cannot
determine
with
cer-tainty
which
is
the
case;
Mt
S«
10»,
Gal
6'6,
Eph
l^",
Rev
5'
71
9"
14s
21".
As
concerns
the
method
of
interpretation
and
the
attitude
towards
the
OT
thus
disclosed,
there
is
a
wide
difference
among
the
speakers
and
writers
of
the
NT.
It
is
an
indirect
but
valuable
testimony
to
the
historical
accuracy
of
the
Synoptic
Gospels
that
they
almost
uniformly
ascribe
to
Jesus
a
method
of
interpretation
quite
different
from
that
which
they
themselves
employ.
Jesus
quotes
the
OT
almost
exclusively
for
its
moral
and
religious
teaching,
rather
than
for
any
predicative
element
in
it,
and
interprets
alilse
with
insight
and
with
sobriety
RABBI
the
passages
which
He
quotes.
The
author
of
the
First
Gospel,
on
the
other
hand,
quotes
the
OT
mainly
for
specific
predictions
which
he
conceives
it
to
contain,
and
controls
his
interpretation
of
the
passages
quoted
rather
by
the
proposition
which
he
wishes
to
sustain,
than
by
the
actual
sense
of
the
original.
The
one
quotation
which
is
common
to
the
first
three
Gospels,
and
not
included
in
the
teaching
of
Jesus,
has
the
same
general
character
(Mk
1=
and
parallels).
In
general
it
may
be
said
of
the
other
NT
writers
that
they
stand
in
this
respect
between
Jesus
and
Matthew,
less
uniformly
sober
and
discerning
in
their
interpretation
of
the
OT
than
Jesus,
yet
in
many
instances
approaching
much
nearer
to
His
method
than
Matthew
commonly
does.
The
Apocalypse,
while
constantly
showing
the
literary
influence
of
the
OT,
contains
no
explicit
or
argumenta-tive
quotation
from
it.
Eknest
D.
BnKTON.
RAAIIAH
is
called
(Gn
10'
=
1
Ch
is
[Raama])
a
son
of
Cush,
and
father
of
Sheba
and
Dedan
(Gn
10^').
The
locality
of
this
Arabian
tribe
is
not
yet
ascertained.
Opinion
is
divided
between
the
Regma
of
Ptolemy,
on
the
W.
of
the
Persian
Gulf,
and
the
Bammanitm
of
Strabo
in
S.
Arabia,
N.W.
of
Hadramaut
(see
Hazahmaveth)
and
E.
of
the
ancient
Sheba.
The
latter
is
the
more
probable
identification.
Raamah
is
also
associated
with
Sheba
in
Ezk
27^2
as
trading
with
Tyre.
J.
F.
M'CURDT.
RAAMIAH,
—
One
of
the
twelve
chiefs
who
returned
with
Zerubbabel
(Neh
7'
=
Ezr
22
[Reelaiah),
1
Es
58
[Resalas]).
RAAMSES,
RAMESES.—
One
of
the
treasure
cities
built
by
the
Israelites
in
Egypt,
and
the
starting-point
of
the
Exodus
(Ex
1»
123',
Nu
333-
<■).
The
site
is
not
quite
certain,
but
it
was
probably
one
of
the
cities
caUed
in
Egyp.
P-Ra'messe,
'
House
of
Ramesse,'
after
Ram-esses
III
In
Gn
47"
Joseph,
by
Pharaoh's
command,
gives
to
Jacob's
family
'a
possession
in
the
land
of
Egypt,
in
the
best
of
the
land,
in
the
land
of
Rameses.'
It
thus
lay
in
the
Land
of
Goshen
(wh.
see),
and
is
to
be
looked
for
in
the
first
place
in
the
Wady
Tumilat.
Petrle
identifies
it
with
Tell
Rotab,
where
he
has
found
sculptures
of
the
age
of
Ramesses
11.
F.
Ll.
Griffith.
RABBAH.
—
1.
The
capital
city
of
the
Ammonites
(wh.
see).
Rabbah
was
situated
on
the
upper
Jabbok
on
the
site
of
the
modern
'Amman.
It
was
distant
from
the
Jordan
about
20
miles,
though
the
distance
by
way
of
the
Jabbok
is
much
greater,
for
the
stream
at
Rabbah
flows
towards
the
N.E.
and
reaches
the
Jordan
only
after
a
wide
detour.
The
Ammonite
city
was
situated
on
the
hill-top
to
the
N.
of
the
river.
From
its
position
it
commanded
a
wide
view
in
all
directions,
but
especially
extensive
to
the
N.E.
Rabbah
is
mentioned
in
Dt
3"
as
the
place
where
Og's
'bed-stead
'
might
still
be
seen.
This
is
thought
by
some
to
be
a
reference
to
a
large
dolmen
still
visible
not
far
from
'Amman.
In
Jos
IB^s
Rabbah
is
mentioned
in
defining
the
boundaries
of
the
tribe
of
Gad.
The
chief
event
connected
with
Rabbah
which
the
OT
relates
is
its
siege
by
Joab,
in
connexion
with
which
Uriah
the
Hittite,
by
the
express
direction
of
king
David,
lost
his
life
(see
2
S
11'
12»-
2'-
2'
and
1
Oh
20').
The
city
was
at
this
time
confined
apparently
to
the
hill
mentioned
above;
and
since
the
sides
of
the
hill
are
precipi-tous
(see
the
photograph
in
Barton's
Year's
Wander-ing
in
Bible
Lands,
opp,
156),
the
task
of
capturing
it
was
difficult,
and
the
siege
was
stubborn
and
prolonged.
These
conditions
gave
Joab
his
opportunity
to
carry
out
David's
perfidious
order
(2
S
11"").
From
2
S
12^-29
it
appears
that
the
city
consisted
of
two
parts,
one
of
which
was
called
the
'myal
city'
or
the
'city
of
waters.'
This
Joab
captured,
after
which
David
came
and
captured
Rabbah
itself.
What
relation
this
'royal
city'
bore
to
Rabbah
proper,
it
is
difficult
now
to
conjecture.
It
is
probable,
however,
that
the
text
of
Samuel
is
corrupt
—
that
we
should
read
'city'
or
'
cistern
oi
waters'
—
and
that
joab,
like
Antiochus
in.
and
Herod
in
after
centuries,
captured
the
covered
passage
by
which
they
went
to
a
cistern
for
water,
or
the
fort
which
defended
it,
and
so
compelled
a
surrender
to
David.
This
cistern
was
discovered
by
Conder
(see
Survey
of
Eastern
Pal.
p.
34
ff.).
The
Israelites
did
not
occupy
Rabbah,
but
left
it
in
the
possession
of
the
Ammonite
king,
who
became
David's
vassal.
When
David
later
fled
to
Mahanaim,
east
of
the
Jordan,
because
of
Absalom's
rebellion,
the
Ammonite
king
was
residing
in
Rabbah
(2
S
17'').
In
the
time
of
Amos
<c.
b.c.
750>
Rabbah
was
still
the
capital
of
the
Ammonites
(Am
V'),
and
such
it
con-tinued
to
be
down
to
the
time
of
Nebuchadnezzar,
who,
if
we
may
judge
from
the
prophecies
of
Jeremiah
and
Ezekiel
(Jer
492,
Ezk
213»
25*),
punished
Rabbah
for
a
rebellion
of
the
Ammonites
by
a
siege.
Whether
the
siege
resulted
in
a
capture
we
do
not
know,
but
it
probably
did.
Only
cities
situated
like
Tyre,
which
was
partly
surrounded
by
water,
could
withstand
the
might
of
that
monarch.
For
a
time
the
city
(one
of
the
Deeapolis
group)
bore
the
name
Philadelphia,
given
to
it
by
Ptolemy
Philadelphus
(b.c.
285-247),
but
finally
received
its
modern
name,
'Amman.
■
It
is
to-day
quite
a
flourishing
city,
inhabited
partly
by
Arabs
and
partly
by
Circassians.
The
latter
form
a
more
energetic
element
than
is
found
in
most
Syrian
cities,
and
give
'Amman
a
greater
air
of
prosperity.
The
Haj
railway,
from
Damascus
to
Mecca,
passes
near
'Amman,
which
has
a
station
on
the
line.
2.
A
city
in
Judah
(Jos
15");
site
unknown.
George
A.
Barton.
RABBI.—
The
transliteration
of
a
Heb.
word
meaning
'my
master.
In
Mt
23'
it
is
referred
to
as
'the
usual
form
of
address
with
which
the
learned
were
greeted'
(Dalman,
Words
of
Jesus,
p.
331);
in
the
following
verse
it
is
regarded
as
synonymous
with
'teacher.'
John
the
Baptist
is
once
called
'
Rabbi'
by
his
disciples
(Jn
32«).
Elsewhere
in
the
Gospels
it
is
our
Lord
who
is
thus
addressed:
by
His
disciples
(Mt
2625-
",
Mk
9'
ll^'
14«»,
Jn
138-
"
431
92
118),
by
others
(Jn
32
62s).
Rabboni