TIGRIS

B.C. 734 the Assyrian army invaded Pillshta (Pliilistia) — according to Rost, tlie Mediterranean coastland S. ol Joppa. Gaza wag captured, and Hanun, tlie Icing, having fled, Tiglath-pileser mounted the throne and set up his image in the palace there. In b.c. 733 came the turn of Damascus and also of Israel, the Immediate cause being affairs in Judah. Azariah had died, and after the short reign of his son Jotham, Jehoahaz or Ahaz came to the throne. Taking advantage of the change, Pelcah of Israel made an alliance with Rezin of Damascus to attack Judah, and captured Elath (2 K lefi"). Feeling that Judah would be compelled to submit to the allied powers in the end, Ahaz turned to Assyria, sending the best of his own treasures and those of the Temple at Jerusalem to make a worthy present to the Assyrian king (2 K le*), who therefore came to his aid. Pekah and Rezin withdrew their forces from Judah, but, instead of uniting against the common foe, awaited the Assyrian king's attack each in his own territory. Marching by the coast-route, Tiglath-pileser assured himself of the submission of his vassals in N. Phoenicia, and attacked N. Israel, capturing Ijon, Abel-beth-maacah, Janoah, Kedesh, Hazor, Gilead, Galilee, and all the land of Naphtali (2 K IS^'). These names are not preserved in the annals, though 'the broad (land of) . . . -li' may be, as Hommel suggests, the last named. Pekah saved his land from further harm by paying tribute, but things went harder with Rezin, his ally, who shut himself up in Damascus. The siege which followed ended, in 732, in the capture of the city; 591 towns, including Hadara, Rezin's own city, were razed to the ground. An attack upon Samsi, queen of the Arabians, followed, the result being that a number of tribes — Sabaeans, Mas'seans, etc., — hastened to propitiate the Assyrian king with gifts. Idi-bi'il, a N. Arabian prince, was made governor on the Musrian border. Meanwhile a number of Israelitish nobles, with Hoshea as leader, revolted, and Pekah fled, but seems to have been murdered. Hoshea thereupon mounted the throne, and bought the recognition of the Assyrian king, who had continued to ravage Syria. Mitinti of Ashkelon, seeing the fate of Rezin of Damascus, seems to have gone mad. He was succeeded by his son RQkipti, who tried to atone for his father's dis-affection by sending tribute and gifts. Metenna of Tyre likewise became tributary. After the fall of the capital, Damascus became an Assyrian province. According to 2 K 16', the people were taken captive to Kir, and Rezin was slain. It was in Damascus that Ahaz made homage to the conqueror, and seeing there an altar which took his fancy, had one made like it. Tiglath-pileser, confident, seemingly, of his hold upon Palestine, did not again invade the country. Its States remained for many years more or less tributary to Assyria, accord-ing as that power seemed strong or weak. In B.C. 731 Tiglath-pileser was attracted by events in Babylonia. Ukin-zgr, a Chaldaean prince, having seized the Baby-lonian throne, the Assyrian king besieged him in his capital Sapia, which he captured in b.c. 729, taking Ukin-zBr prisoner. In b.c. 728 Tiglath-pileser became king of Babylon, but beyond 'grasping the hand of Bel' (Merodach) as its ruler, took part in no further Important event. He probably died when making an expedition against a city whose name is lost; and Shalmaneser iv. mounted the throne (25th of Tebeth, B.C. 727). When at home, Tiglath-pileser resided in Nineveh or in Calah, where he restored the central palace in Hittite style, decorating it with bas-reliefs and the annals of his reign. This building was partly destroyed by Esarhaddon. T. G. Pinches.

TIGRIS.— Only In RVm of Gn 2" and Dn 1(H, where both AV and RV have Hiddekel (wh. see). The Tigris rises a little S. of Lake GOljik and flows southward to Diarbekr. After passing Diarbekr it receives the eastern Tigris (which rises in the Niphates mountains)

TIME

at Osman Kieui. Then it flows through narrow gorges Into the plateau of Mesopotamia, where it receives from the east the Greater and Lesser Zab, the Adhem or Radanu, and the Diyaleh or Tornadotus. On the E. bank, opposite Mosul, were Nineveh and Calah, a little N. of the junction of the Tigris and Greater Zab; and on the W. bank, N. of the Lesser Zab, was Assur (now Kalah Sherghat), the primitive capital of Assyria. ■The Tigris is about 1150 miles in length, and rises rapidly in March and April owing to the melting of the snows, falUng again after the middle of May. Cf. also Eden [Gaeden of].

TIKVAH.— 1. The father-in-law of Huldah (2 K 22") ; called in 2 Ch 34k Tokhath. 2. The father of Jahzeiah (Ezr 10"); called in 1 Es 9" Thocanus.

TILE, TILING.— The former occurs only in Ezk 4' for 'brick' — the usual rendering of the original. For plans of a city drawn on ' bricks ' or ' tablets ' of soft clay, which were afterwards baked hard, see 'Ezekiel,' in SBOT, in loc. 'Tiling' is found only in Lk 5" AV, for which RV has 'through the tUes.' St. Luke seems here to have adapted the narrative of Mk. (for which see House, § 6) to the style of roof covered with tiles (see 'Tegula' in Rich's Diet, of Antiq.), with which his Western readers were more familiar; or 'through the tiles' is here simply synonymous with 'through the roof (cf. our expression 'on the tiles').

A. R. S. Kennedy.

TILGATH-PILNESER.- SeeTiQLATH-PiLESEH.

"TILON.— A son of Shimon (1 Ch 4™).

TDlffilUS.- Father of Bartimaeus (Mk 10«).

TIMBREL.— See Tabbet, and Music, etc., 4 (3) (a).

TIME. — The conception that we seem to gather of time from the Holy Scriptures is of a small block, as it were, cut out of boundless eternity. Of past eternity, if we may use such an expression, God is the only inhabi-tant; in future eternity angels and men are to share. And this 'block' of time is infinitesimally small. In God's sight, in the Divine mind, 'a thousand years are but as yesterday' (Ps 90'; cf. 2 P 3* 'one day is with the Lord as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day'). Time has a beginning; it has also, if we accept the usual translation of Rev 10' 'there shall be time no longer,' a stated end. The word 'time 'in Biblical apocalyptic literature has another meaning — 'time' stands for 'a year' both in Daniel (4"- »• "■ »2 T^, where the plural 'times' seems to stand for two years) and in Rev 12" (derived from Dn 7^).

When once the idea of time formed itself in the human mind, subdivisions of it would follow as a matter of course. The division between light and darkness, the rising, the zenith, and the setting of the sun and the moon, together with the phases of the latter, and the varying position of the most notable stars in the firma-ment, would all suggest modes of reckoning time, to say nothing of the circuit of the seasons as indicated by the growth and development of the fruits of the field and agricultural operations. Hence we find in Gn 1 day and night as the first division of time, and, because light was believed to be a later creation than matter, one whole day Is said to be made up of evening and morning; and the day is reckoned, as it still is by the Jews and, in principle, by the Church In her ecclesiastical feasts, from one disappearance of the sun to the next, the divisions between day and night being formed by that appearance and disappearance. In this same cosmogony we meet with a further use of the lights in the firmament of heaven; they are to be "for signs, and for seasons, and for days and years' (Gn 1"). The day would thus be an obvious division of time for intelligent beings to make from the very earliest ages. As time went on, subdivisions of this day would be made, derived from an observance of the sun in the heavens — morning,

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