dialects
given
utterance
to.
The
case
is
not
the
same
as
that
of
Pentecost,
when
many
different
peoples
were
gathered
together.
To
sum
up,
it
seems
probable
that
the
gift
of
tongues
was
an
ecstatic
utterance
of
praise,
not
only
in
poetic
and
symbolic
speech,
but
also
in
languages
or
dialects
not
ordinarily
spoken
by
those
who
had
the
gift;
a
power
given
at
a
time
of
great
enthusiasm
and
excite-ment,
at
a
critical
period
of
the
world's
history,
but
not
jneant
to
be
a
permanent
gift
tor
the
Church,
and
not
ranking
so
high
as
other
charismata,
especially
not
so
high
as
prophecy.
That
it
survived
the
Apostolic
age
is
hardly
probable.
A.
J.
Maclean.
TOOIiS.
—
See
Abts
and
Cbafts.
TOPAROHY.
—
A
compound
word
from
Greek
topos
(place)
and
orcftS
(rule),
found
only
in
1
Mac
ll^s
(cf.
1
Mac
10'»-
"
11")
among
the
sacred
books,
but
very
many
times
in
the
papyri
of
Egypt
(with
reference
to
that
country).
It
means
a
very
small
administrative
division
of
territory.
Three
toparchies
were
detached
from
Samaria
and
added
to
Judsea
in
Maccabsean
times.
A.
SOUTEE.
TOPAZ.
—
See
Jewels
and
Pkecious
Stones.
TOPHEL.—
See
Dizahab.
TOFHETH.
—
A
term
of
uncertain
etymology,
des-ignating
some
locality
in
one
of
the
valleys
near
Jeru-salem,|very
possibly
in
the
Valley
of
Hinnom
(2
K
23'°),
or
near
the
point
of
juncture
of
the
three
valleys
of
Jerusalem.
It
was
there
that
the
Jews
under
Ahab
and
Manasseh
performed
the
rites
of
human
sacrifice
(Jer
7"-^2)_
offering
children
to
Baal,
Molech,
and
other
heathen
gods.
It
was
defiled
by
Josiah
as
a
part
of
his
religious
reformation,
and
so
came
to
be
an
abominable
place
where
the
refuse
was
destroyed,
and
thus
a
synonym
of
Gehenna
(wh.
see).
Shailer
Mathews.
TORAH.—
iSee
Law
(in
OT),
§§
2.
3.
TORCH.
—
See
Lamp,
§
1;
Lantebn.
TORMAH.
—
In
the
margin
of
Jg
9"
'in
Tormah'
Is
given
as
an
alternative
rendering
of
the
Hebrew
word
translated
'craftily'
(AV
'privily').
Some
commen-tators
have
suggested
that
Tormah
is
a
corruption
of
Arumah
(v.").
TORTOISE
(.tsm,
Lv
llM;RV'great;iizard').—
Several
kinds
of
land
and
water
tortoises
are
common
in
the
Holy
Land,
but
here
the
reference
is
probably
to
some
kind
of
lizard.
See
Lizard.
E.
W.
G.
Masteeman.
TOU.
—
King
of
Hamath
on
the
Orontes,
who
sent
an
embassy
to
congratulate
David
on
his
defeat
of
Hadadezer
(1
Ch
18").
In
the
parallel
passage,
2
S
8"-,
the
name
appears
as
Toi,
which,
however,
is
less
probable
philologically.
TOWER.
—
See
Fobtification
and
Siegecbaft,
§§2.4.
For
'
Tower
of
Babel
'
see
Tongues
[Confusion
of].
TOWN.—
See
City,
Village.
TOWN
CLERK.
—
In
Graco-Asiatic
cities
under
the
Roman
Empire
the
grammateus
(tr.
'town
clerk')
was
responsible
for
the
form
of
decrees
presented
to
the
popular
assembly.
They
were
first
approved
by
the
senate
and
then
sent
to
the
assembly,
which
formally
passed
them.
At
Ephesus
(Ac
19'>)
the
clerk
feared
that
he
would
have
to
account
to
the
Roman
governor
for
the
irregularly
constituted
assembly.
A.
Souter.
TRACHONITIS.—
Mentioned
in
Lk
3'
as
the
name
of
the
tetrarchy
of
Philip.
It
is
to
be
identified
with
the
lava
region
S.E.
of
Damascus,
known
to
the
Greeks
as
Trachon,
and
to
modern
Arabs
as
the
LejS.
An
inscrip-tion
discovered
by
Burckhardt
in
1810
at
Miamiyeh
dispels
all
doubt
as
to
the
identity
of
this
region
with
Trachon.
It
has
ever
been
regarded
as
a
refuge
from
invaders.
Josephus
frequently
speaks
of
the
inhabitants
of
these
parts
as
predatory
(AnJ.
XVI.
ix.
l,x.
1).
Philip's
rule,
on
the
other
hand,
he
describes
as
just
and
gentle
(.lb.
XVIII.
iv.
6).
Tra'jan
in
a.d.
106
transformed
'Trachonitis
into
a
new
province,
which
he
called
'
Arabia,'
making
Bosra
its
capital.
Geobgb
L.
Robinson.
TRADE
AND
COMMERCE.
—
The
processes
by
which
international
trade
is
carried
on
consist
in
the
inter-change
of
commodities
or
of
services,
and
these
latter
may
be
positive
or
negative
in
character:
they
may
be
represented
by
actual
performance
or
by
the
withdrawal
of
opposition.
Such
procedure
as
the
occupation
of
passes
or
other
natural
channels
for
traffic,
with
the
view
of
demanding
tolls
of
the
traders
who
use
them,
is
the
subject
of
few
allusions
in
the
OT;
yet
the
location
of
the
Israelitish
kingdoms
was
such
as
to
favour
the
production
of
revenue
in
this
way.
The
most
practicable
routes
both
from
the
North
and
from
the
East
to
the
Red
Sea
lay
through
their
country;
and
the
land
route
from
Egypt
to
Asia
either
traversed
or
skirted
it.
United
under
a
powerful
sovereign,
Palestine
could
levy
large
contributions
on
the
traffic
of
the
sur-rounding
nations;
and
this
appears
to
have
been
done
in
Solomon's
time.
1.
The
products
of
Canaan
were
in
the
main
agri-cultural,
horticultural,
and
pastoral,
and
some
of
these
could
be
exported.
Oil
was
sent
to
Egypt
(Hos
12')
and
Phoenicia
(Ezk
27");
wine
to
the
latter
country
(2
Ch
2"'),
as
well
as
wheat
(Ezk.
I.e.,
2
Ch.
I.e.),
barley
(2
Ch.
I.e.),
oak
timber
(Ezk
27°)
from
Bashan,
honey
(or
dibs)
and
balsam
(Ezk
27"),
and
an
unknown
substance
called
pannag
(Ezk.
I.e.).
Other
possible
objects
for
exportation
were
sand
for
glass
manufacture,
bitumen,
the
purple-fish,
wool,
and
leather;
and
certain
fruits
and
spices
(Gn
43").
2.
Of
national
industries
we
hear
very
little;
nor
does
it
appear
that
any
articles
of
Israelitish
workmanship
acquired
fame
in
foreign
lands.
A
few
notices
can,
however,
be
collected,
which
indicate
the
existence
of
manufactures,
and
of
a
sort
that
may
have
been
ex-ported.
The
housewife
of
Pr
31
not
only
makes
her
own
clothes,
but
sells
some
to
the
'Canaanite'
or
pedlar;
and
in
1
Ch
4"
there
is
mention
of
a
Jewish
family
that
owned
a
byssus-f
actory.
Further,
there
are
not
a
few
references
to
potteries,
and
to
work
done
in
brass,
the
precious
metals,
stone
and
wood.
The
iconoclastic
attitude
which
prevails
in
the
OT
causes
the
plastic
arts
to
be
ordinarily
referred
to
with
scorn
and
indignation;
but
of
their
existence
in
Palestine
there
is
no
doubt,
and
the
considerable
market
that
existed
for
images
probably
led
to
no
small
development.
That
any
of
these
manufactures
was
exported
is
not
attested
by
any
evidence
that
has
as
yet
come
to
light;
but
there
is
apparently
no
a
priori
reason
against
such
a
supposition.
Prior
to
the
settlement
of
the
country
by
the
exertions
of
the
kings,
trade
can
have
been
carried
on
by
Israelites
only
to
an
insignificant
extent.
In
Saul's
days,
accord-ing
to
1
S
13",
there
were
no
Israelitish
smiths
—
a
fact
there
explained
as
due
to
the
tyrannical
precautions
of
the
PhiUstines;
but
perhaps
we
should
infer
that
the
Israelites
had
as
yet
learned
no
crafts,
since
even
in
Solomon's
time
we
find
that
artificers
had
to
be
imported
for
the
building
of
the
royal
edifices.
The
place
of
industry
had
to
be
supplied
by
raiding,
and
Saul
himself
is
praised
for
having
stripped
the
finery
of
his
enemies'
women
to
put
it
on
his
own
(2
S
1^*).
The
heroic
David
fights
with
rustic
weapons
and
without
armour.
The
possibility
of
the
peaceful
progress
which
is
the
pre-liminary
condition
of
trade
would
seem
to
have
been
provided
by
the
first
two
kings.
3.
We
have
unfortunately
no
account
of
the
financial
system
which
must
have
been
introduced
with
the
foundation
of
the
kingdom,
though
the
prophecy
of
Samuel
(1
S
8"-")
suggests
that
the
king
claimed
a
tithe
of
all
produce,
but
in
theory
had
a
right
to
both
