TYRE
them
determinedly
hostile,
he
resorted
to
the
'school
of
Tyrannus,'
where
he
reasoned
every
day.
The
expression
is
somewhat
enigmatical
to
us,
as
we
have
no
other
reference
to
this
institution
by
which
to
illustrate
It.
The
Greek
word
may
be
translated
either
'school'
or
'lecture
room,'
and
Tyrannus
may
have
been
either
a
schoolmaster
or
what
we
call
a
professor.
There
is
the
further
difSculty
that
Tyrannus
may
have
been
dead
at
the
time,
and
that
the
building
may
have
been
merely
known
as
'Tyrannus's
school,'
in
memory
of
a
once
famous
teacher
who
taught
there.
All
the
probabilities
are
in
favour
of
this
having
been
the
name
of
a
noted
public
building
in
Ephesus.
Permission
to
use
this
building
was
given
to
Paul;
perhaps
it
was
hired
by
him
or
his
friends.
All
this
may
be
inferred
from
what
is
the
generally
accepted
text
of
the
passage
in
the
present
day.
The
Western
and.
other
texts
have
touched
up
this
simpler
text,
and
changed
the
situation
considerably.
They
have
inserted
the
word
'a
certain'
before
'Tyr-annus,'
and
this
at
once
converts
the
public
building
into
a
private
one.
The
person
Tyrannus
would
then
be
unknown
to
the
readers,
and
would
be
one
not
unfavour-able
to
St.
Paul,
who
lent
him
his
own
building
with
or
without
fee.
The
most
notable
MS
of
the
Western
text
adds
the
words:
'from
the
fifth
hour
till
the
tenth.'
This
addition
is
all
of
a
piece
with
the
idea
that
Tyrannus
was
a
schoolmaster
or
professor,
whose
work,
according
to
the
ancient
custom,
would
be
over
early
in
the
day,
thus
leaving
the
building
free
for
the
rest
of
the
day.
Juvenal
describes
to
us
how
the
boys
read
their
lessons
to
the
master
even
before
dawn.
Augustine,
himself
a
professor,
tells
us
that
his
lecturing
work
was
over
early
in
the
day.
The
experience
of
moderns
in
southern
countries
confirms
this:
the
early
morning
is
the
time
for
brain
work
in
the
South,
as
the
young
Julius
Charles
Hare
and
his
brother
found
when
resident
as
boys
in
Italy.
The
hall
was
free'to
Paul
at
the
hottest
period
of
the
day,
when
it
must
have
been
hard
for
people
to
listen,
and
yet
harder
for
him
to
preach.
All
this
is
conveyed
by
the
reading
of
the
chief
representative
of
the
Western
text,
but
the
present
writer
has
no
doubt
that
here,
as
elsewhere,
the
reviser
has
been
endeavouring
to
remove
obscurity
from
the
narrative.
Almost
all
the
Western
variants
can
be
explained
by
a
greater
or
less
effort
to
smooth
difficulties
of
various
sorts.
The
shorter
reading
discussed
in
the
earlier
paragraph
is
the
genuine
one.
A.
SOUTEB.
TYRE
(TsSr
—
'rock,'
Jos
19^')
was
situated
on
the
coast
of
Palestine
about
half-way
between
Carmel
and
Beyrout.
The
narrow
strip
of
land
between
the
sea
and
the
backgroundof
mountains
was
almost
inaccessible
owing
to
massive
rocky
promontories
(the
most
famous
being
'the
Ladder
of
Tyre'),
which
barred
the
approach
of
invaders.
The
date
of
the
foundation
of
Tyre
is
unknown.
That
given
by
Herodotus
is
B.C.
2740,
by
Josephus
about
B.C.
1217.
Isaiah
(23')
calls
her
'the
joyous
city
whose
antiquity
is
of
ancient
days
';
Strabo,
'the
most
ancient
of
all
Phoenicia.'
Her
original
in-habitants
probably
came
from
the
Semitic
homeland
near
the
Persian
Gulf.
But
Tyre
was
not
'the
most
ancient.'
Isaiah
(232")
calls
her
'daughter
of
Sidon'
(cf.
On
lO'');
Homer
mentions
'Sidonian
wares,'
but
ignores
Tyre.
Justin
says
Sidon
suffered
so
severely
at
the
hands
of
Asealon
that
her
trade
passed
to
her
daughter
Tyre.
The
Tell
el-Amarna
letters
(c.
B.C.
1430)
reveal
Abi-milki,
king
of
Tyre,
sending
appeals
to
his
lord
Amenhotep
iv.
for
assistance
against
the
swarms
of
Khabiri,
who
were
ravaging
the
land,
while
the
citizens
were
dying
of
want
on
the
islets
off
the
coast.
At
the
conquest
of
Canaan,
Joshua
assigned
the
Tyrian
territory
to
Asher,
though
it
was
perhaps
never
occupied
(Jos
IQ^',
but
of.
2
S
24').
For
the
next
430
years
the
city's
history
is
a
blank.
It
was
Hiram,
David's
contemporary,
who
raised
Tyre
to
fame.
Old
Tyre
(Palsetyrus),
on
the
mainland,
he
strongly
fortified,
its
walls
being
15
miles
in
circum-ference.
Hiram
now
built
New
Tyre
by
uniting
the
TYRE
scattered
islands,
half
a
mile
out
to
sea,
till
they
enclosed
an
area
2i
miles
in
circumference.
At
the
N.
end,
two
stone
piers,
about
100
ft.
apart,
extended
E.
and
W.
for
700
ft.
These
with
the
shore
line
embraced
an
area
(the
'Zidon
Harbour')
of
70,000
sq.
yds.
At
the
S.
end
a
similar
harbour
(the
'Egyptian'),
80,000
sq.
yds.
in
area,
was
enclosed
by
a
vast
pier
200
yds.
long,
and
a
breakwater
35
ft.
wide
and
nearly
2
miles
in
length.
The
two
harbours
were
united
by
a
canal
across
the
island.
The
city
rose
up
in
tiers
of
houses,
gardens,
orchards,
and
vineyards,
and
was
embellished
by
a
new
and
splendid
temple
of
Melkarth,
a
royal
palace,
and
a
great
piazza
(the
'
Eurychorus
')
for
national
assemblies.
The
city's
wealth
was
furnished
largely
from
the
trade
in
purple
dye,
the
secret
of
the
extraction
of
which
from
two
species
of
murex
the
Tyrians
possessed.
The
gradual
failure
of
the
supply
of
these
shellfish
on
their
own
shores
led
the
citizens
to
become
great
explorers.
Every
island
and
coastline
were
searched
for
these
precious
molluscs.
Trade
naturally
followed.
They
trafScked
up
the
Nile
as
far
as
Memphis;
worked
copper
mines
in
Cyprus
and
Crete
(cf.
Phenice,
Ac
27");
erected
stations
on
the
Bosporus,
the
Euxine,
and
the
Crimea;
estab-lished
colonies
on
the
N.
African
shores,
Malta,
Sicily,
Sardinia,
Marseilles,
etc.,
and
exploited
the
gold,
silver,
lead,
and
other
mines
of
Spain
from
their
emporium
Tartessus
(prob.
the
Tarshish
of
Gn
10<,
Ps
72»»,
Is
66").
Even
the
Atlantic
was
braved,
and
they
worked
the
tin
deposits
of
Cornwall,
and
had
depBts
in
the
Scilly
Isles
and
the
Isle
of
Wight.
Hiram
co-operated
with
David
in
the
erection
of
the
latter's
palace
in
Jerusalem,
sending
cedars
from
Lebanon
(1
Ch
14').
Under
Solomon,
Tyrian
artizans
built
the
Temple
on
Phcenician
models
(2
Ch
2).
Hiram
and
Solomon
had
joint
maritime
adventures,
Jewish
ships
with
Tyrian
seamen
trading
to
Ophir
every
three
years
(1
K
9a>
10'^^).
'Hiram's
Tomb,'
a
massive
limestone
sarcophagus,
is
still
shown
on
the
shore
6
miles
S.
of
Tyre.
The
years
following
Hiram's
death
were
very
troubled,
changes
of
dynasty
occurring
through
repeated
assassina-tions.
At
length
Eth-baal,
by
the
murder
of
his
brother,
seized
the
throne,
and
married
his
daughter
.Tezebel
to
Ahab
(1
K
16").
Some
time
after
the
death
of
Eth-baal
a
domestic
rebellion
led
to
the
emigration
of
the
Tyrian
princess
Elissa,
who
is
said
to
have
fied
from
Tyre
with
her
murdered
husband's
riches
and
to
have
founded
Carthage,
thereby
winning
fame
for
herself
as
the
Dido
of
Virgil's
/Eneid.
About
b.c.
880
Assyria
began
to
interfere
with
Western
politics.
Tyre
purchased
her
liberty
from
Assur-nazir-pal
by
a
heavy
indemnity.
In
B.C.
726
Shalmaneser
iv.
came
against
the
city,
but,
having
no
ships,
could
not
reach
the
island
fortress
till
he
had
bribed
Sidon
to
furnish
60
vessels.
These
the
Tyrians,
with
only
12
ships,
easily
routed.
Shalmaneser
retired,
leaving
a
garrison
in
Old
Tyre,
which
kept
up
a
fruitless
bloclcade
for
five
years.
At
the
next
attack,
under
Sennacherib,
Eluleeus,
the
king,
fled
in
despair
to
Cyprus,
the
Assyrians
appointing
a
tributary
king,
Tubaal,
in
his
stead
(b.c.
706)
.
Under
Esarhaddon,Tyre
rebelled.
The
Assyrians
held
the
shore,
and
captured
Sidon,
but
Tyre
again
escaped.
In
b.c.
664
it
submitted
to
Ashurbanipal
on
honourable
terms.
On
the
decline
of
Nineveh,
Tyre
again
proclaimed
her
independence
(B.C.
630),
and
after
Nineveh
fell
(b.c.
606)
she
reached
the
zenith
of
her
glory.
Ezekiel
(27-28)
gives
a
marvel-lously
vivid
picture
of
the
island
city
at
this
period,
yet
prophesies
her
fall
on
account
of
her
colossal
sins.
In
the
early
unsettled
days
of
the
New
Babylonian
Empire
the
Tyrians
entered
into
a
league
with
Pharaoh-necho
of
Egypt.
They
were
invited
to
make
a
canal
from
the
Mediterranean
to
the
Red
Sea,
and
even
to
circum-navigate
Africa.
The
latter
feat
they
accomplished
in
three
years,
the
voyagers
sailing
down
the
E.
coast,
and
reaching
the
Pillars
of
Hercules
after
a
feat
of
unheard-of
daring.
Nebuchadnezzar
ii.
attacked
Tyre,
and
besieged
it
for
13
years.
Old
Tyre
was
destroyed
