TYRE
(Ezk
26'-"),
but
the
Babylonian
army
in
vain
wearied
Itself
in
trying
to
subdue
the
island
(29").
It
is
probable
that
the
city
finally
capitulated
on
favourable
terms.
The
long
siege,
however,
had
ruined
her
commerce,
and
for
60
years
Tyre
was
a
poverty-stricken
town.
An
attempt
at
a
republic
did
not
improve
her
fortunes.
She
was
involved
in
the
struggle
between
Nebuchadnezzar
II.
and
Pharaoh-hophra
(Jer
44*").
was
for
a
time
under
Egypt,
but
finally
fell
to
Babylon,
and
remained
a
dependency
until
the
overthrow
of
the
Babylonian
Empire.
Her
humbled
state
did
not
change
her
people's
temper.
Their
pride
(Ezk
28^),
their
contempt
for
the
rights
of
man
(Am
1'),
their
slave-trading
propensities
(Jl
3'-8}
are
denounced
by
the
Hebrew
prophets.
In
b.o.
638
Cyrus
ii.,
the
founder
of
the
Persian
Empire,
ordered
Tyrian
workmen
to
assist
with
Lebanon
cedars
in
the
re-building
of
the
Jewish
Temple
(Ezk
3').
Cambyses
ii.
engaged
the
Tyrians
to
supply
a
fieet
for
his
invasion
of
Egypt.
On
his
proposing
to
send
them
to
subdue
Carthage
they
refused,
on
the
score
of
their
blood
relationship
with
the
daughter
colony
of
Tyre.
Under
Artaxerxes
Longimanus
(b.c.
430)
we
read
of
Tyrian
fish-merchants
at
the
gates
of
Jerusalem
(Neh
13").
In
the
Persian-Greek
wars
Tyrian
fleets
fought
on
the
Persian
side,
till,
after
the
Peace
of
Antalkidas
(b.c.
387),
Tyre
transferred
her
allegiance
to
Persia's
enemies.
Artaxerxes
iii.
(Ochus)
took
fearful
vengeance.
Sidon
disappeared
in
flame
and
torrents
of
blood.
Tyre
in
horror
opened
her
gates,
and
was
spared.
In
b.c.
332
Alexander
the
Great
appeared
in
front
of
the
city.
The
Tyrians
declined
to
allow
him
to
sacrifice
personally
to
Melkarth
in
their
fortress.
The
memorable
siege
began.
Alexander
built
a
mole
200
ft.
wide
out
towards
the
island.
It
was
repeatedly
destroyed.
The
defence
was
UNNI
desperate
and
successful,
till
Alexander
invested
the
city
with
a
fleet
of
224
ships.
Tyre
was
stormed,
8000
of
her
inhabitants
massacred,
2000
crucified
on
the
shore,
and
30,000
sold
into
slavery.
Tyre
ceased
to
be
an
island,
and
henceforth
was
permanently
joined
to
the
mainland.
Only
a
blunt
headland
to-day
suggests
the
existence
of
the
former
island
fortress.
The
mole
is
now
i
mile
broad.
Tyre
was
again
re-peopled.
She
figured
in
the
wars
of
the
Ptolemys
and
Seleucidae.
In
b.c.
314
Antigonus
besieged
her
for
15
months.
After
70
years'
subjection
to
Egypt
she
was
under
Antioch
till
b.o.
65,
when
tho
Romans
made
her
a
free
city.
Some
of
her
citizens
came
to
hear
the
preaching
of
Jesus
(Mk
38).
Christ
visited
the
neighbourhood
(Mk
7^-"),
and
got
a
favour-able
reception
(Lk
lO's).
Tyre
figured
in
connexion
with
St.
Paul
in
Apostolic
times
(Ac
12™
218-').
Was
the
Church
in
Tyre
not
a
fulfilment
of
Ps
87«?
A
Christian
church
was
built
on
the
site
of
the
Melkarth
temple.
Origen
found
refuge
in
Tyre,
and
died
there.
Jerome
(4th
cent.)
speaks
of
it
as
the
'
most
noble
and
beautiful
city
of
Phoenicia.'
Captured
by
the
Saracens
(a.d.
638),
it
was
recovered
(a.d.
1124),
and
William
of
Tyre
cele-brates
its
fame
under
the
Crusaders.
Here
was
buried
Frederick
Barbarossa.
Saladin
was
repelled
in
1187,
but
the
spot
was
abandoned
in
1291,
and
the
Moslems
took
possession
of
it.
Tyre
has
since
sunk
to
a
miserable
stagnant
village,
where
the
waves
mournfully
crash
amid
the
ruins
of
her
former
magnificence.
G.
A.
Frank
Knight.
TZADE.—
The
eighteenth
letter
of
theBeb.
alphabet,
and
as
such
employed
in
the
119th
Psalm
to
designate
the
18th
part,
each
verse
of
which
begins
with
this
letter.
tJOAL.—
See
Ithibi.,
2.
XTEL,
—
One
of
the
sons
of
Bani
who
had
married
a
foreign
wife
(Ezr
10")
;
called
in
1
Es
9=*
Juel.
UKNAZ.—
In
1
Ch
4"
AVm
gives
'Uknaz'
instead
of
"even
Kenaz'
(AV)
or
'and
Kenaz'
(RV).
In
all
prob-ability
something
has
dropped
out
of
the
text,
which
had
read
originally
'the
sons
of
Elah:
.
.
.
and
Kenaz.'
This
is
favoured
by
the
plural
'
sons.'
1TLAI.
—
A
large
river
of
Elam,
emptying
into
the
Persian
Gulf.
According
to
Dn
8'-
"
and
the
Assyrian
inscriptions,
it
flowed
past
the
city
of
Shushan
(Susa).
It
is
the
modern
Karun,
which,
however,
does
not
now
flow
close
to
the
site
of
Susa,
but
to
the
east
of
it.
Cf.
also
Hydaspes.
J.
F.
McCukdy.
ULAM.—
1.
A
Manassite
family
(1
Ch
7i«-
").
2.
A
Benjamite
family,
specially
noted
as
archers
(1
Ch
8"-
";
cf.
also2Ch
14'
<»)).
ULLA.—
An
Asherite
family
(1
Ch
7").
USOIAH.
—
An
Asherite
city
(Jos
19'"),
probably
a
slip,
owing
to
resemblance
of
Heb.
letters
m
and
k,
for
Aooo
(Ptolemais).
UNOHASTITY.—
See
Makriage,
7.
8.
UNCLEAN,
UNOLEANNESS.—
See
Clean
and
Un-clean.
UNCTION.—
The
same
Gr.
word
as
that
translated
'anointing'
in
1
Jn
2"
is
in
2"
rendered
'unction'
(RV
'
anointing').
It
is
used
there
metaphorically
of
the
effect
of
the
presence
of
the
Holy
Spirit
upon
the
believer.
UNDERGIBDING.—
See
Helps;
Ships,
etc.,
p.
850i>.
UNDERSETTBR.—
Only
1
K
7M-
",
in
the
difficult
description
of
Solomon's
lavers
(Temple,
§
6
(d)).
In
older
English
it
meant
'support';
the
Heb.
word
is
lit.
'
shoulders,'
and
denotes
something
of
the
nature
of
a
strut
or
brace.
See
the
refl.
in
the
above
mentioned
article.
A.
R.
S.
Kennedy.
UNICORN
(re'Sm,
Nu
23^2
etc.;
rSm,
Job
39';
RV
in
all
passages
'wild
ox').
—
This
is
undoubtedly
the
nmu
of
the
Assyrians,
often
figured
on
their
sculptures.
A
fine
bas-relief
of
this
animal
was
uncovered
recently
by
the
excavations
of
Nineveh.
It
is
probably
identical
with
the
aurochs
or
Bos
primigenitis,
the
urus
of
Julius
Caesar.
It
was
of
great
size
and
strength
(Nu
23"^
248,
Ps
22"),
very
wild
and
ferocious
(Job
SQ'-'"),
and
specially
dangerous
when
hunted,
because
of
its
powerful
double
horns
(Ps
92'",
Dt
33").
In
connexion
with
Is
34'
it
is
interesting
to
note
the
inscription
of
Shal-maneser
ii.,
who
says,
'
His
land
I
trod
down
like
a
Hmu.'
The
Arab,
ri'm,
the
graceful
AntUope
leucoryx
of
Arabia,
is
a
very
different
animal.
E.
W.
G.
Mabterman.
UNKNOWN
GOD.—
St.
Paul,
wandering
along
the
streets
of
Athens,
saw
an
altar
bearing
the
dedication,
'To
an
Unknown
God'
(Ac
17^).
He
used
this
as
the
text
of
his
sermon
before
the
Areopagus.
There
is
evidence
in
other
ancient
writers
in
favour
of
the
exist-ence
of
such
a
dedication,
and
the
conjecture
may
be
permitted
that
the
altar
was
erected
as
a
thank-offering
for
life
preserved
in
some
foreign
country,
the
name
of
the
proper
divinity
of
which
—
a
very
important
thing
in
Greek
ritual
—
was
unknown
to
the
person
preserved.
A.
Scoter.
UNLEAVENED
BREAD.—
See
Bread,
Leaven.
Passover.
UNNI.—
1
.
A
Levitical
famUy
(1
Ch
16i8).
2
.
See
Unno.