VULGATE
In
England
a
new
departure
was
made,
on
a
higher
scale
of
artistic
merit,
in
the
fine
Gospels
and
Service-Boolts
produced
at
Winchester
between
about
960
andl060,
the
chief
characteristics
of
which
are
broad
bands
of
gold
forming
a
frameworlc
with
interlaced
foliage.
These
details,
however,
relate
more
to
the
history
of
art
than
to
that
of
the
Bible,
and
with
regard
to
the
spread
of
the
knowledge
of
the
Scriptures
there
is
nothing
of
import-ance
to
note
in
the
10th
and
11th
cents,
beyond
the
increase
of
monasteries
in
all
the
countries
of
western
Europe,
in
the
scriptoria
of
which
the
multiplication
of
copies
proceeded
apace.
14.
In
the
12th
cent,
the
most
noteworthy
phenom-enon,
both
in
England
and
on
the
Continent,
is
the
popularity
of
annotated
copies
of
the
various
books
of
the
Bible.
The
ordinary
arrangement
is
for
the
Bible
text
to
occupy
a
single
narrow
column
down
the
centre
of
the
page,
while
on
either
side
of
it
is
the
com-mentary;
but
where
the
commentary
is
scanty,
the
Biblical
column
expands
to
fill
the
space,
and
vice
versa.
The
main
staple
of
the
commentary
is
normally
the
Glossa
Ordinaria;
but
this,
being
itself
a
compilation
of
extracts
from
pre-existing
commentaries
(Jerome,
Augustine,
Isidore,
Bede,
etc.),
lent
itself
readily
to
expansion
or
contraction,
so
that
different
MSS
differ
not
inconsiderably
in
their
contents.
The
various
books
of
the
Bible
generally
form
separate
MSS,
or
small
groups
of
them
are
combined.
Simultaneously
with
these,
some
very
large
Bibles
were
produced,
handsomely
decorated
with
illuminated
initials.
Of
these
the
best
examples
come
from
England
or
northern
France.
These
are
of
the
nature
of
gditions
de
luxe,
while
the
copies
with
commentaries
testify
to
the
extent
to
which
the
Bible
was
at
this
time
studied,
at
any
rate
in
the
larger
monasteries;
and
the
cata-logues
of
monastic
libraries
which
still
exist
confirm
this
impression
by
showing
what
a
large
number
of
such
annotated
MSS
were
preserved
in
them,
no
doubt
for
the
study
of
the
monks.
15.
A
further
step
in
advance
was
taken
in
the
13th
cent.,
which
is
to
be
attributed
apparently
to
the
influ-ence
of
the
University
of
Paris
then
at
the
height
of
its
renown
and
the
intellectual
centre
of
Europe.
The
present
chapter
division
of
the
Bible
text
is
said
to
have
been
first
made
by
Stephen
Langton
(archbishop
of
Canterbury,
1207-1228),
while
a
doctor
at
Paris;
and
the
13th
cent,
(probably
under
the
influence
of
St.
Louis)
witnessed
a
remarkable
output
of
Vulgate
MSS
of
the
complete
Bible.
Hitherto
complete
Bibles
had
almost
always
been
very
large
volumes,
suitable
only
for
liturgical
use;
but
by
the
adoption
of
very
thin
vellum
and
very
small
writing
it
was
now
found
possible
to
compress
the
whole
Bible
into
volumes
of
quite
moderate
size,
comparable
with
the
ordinary
printed
Bibles
of
to-day.
For
example,
one
such
volume,
containing
the
whole
Bible
with
ample
margins,
measures
5ix3ixlf
inches,
and
consists
of
471
leaves.
From
the
appearance
of
these
Bibles
(hundreds
of
which
are
still
extant)
it
is
evident
that
they
were
in-tended
for
private
use,
and
they
testify
to
a
remarkable
growth
in
the
personal
study
of
the
Scriptures.
The
texts
of
these
MSS
seem
to
embody
the
results
of
a
revision
at
the
hands
of
the
Paris
doctors.
Correctoria,
or
collections
of
improved
readings,
were
issued
at
Paris
about
1230,
and
at
other
places
during
this
cent.,
the
best
being
the
'
Correctorium
Vaticanum,'
so
called
from
a
MS
in
the
Vatican
Library.
This
revision,
how-ever,
was
superficial
rather
than
scientific,
and
is
of
im-portance
in
the
history
of
the
Vulgate
mainly
because
it
established
the
normal
text
which
was
current
at
the
time
of
the
invention
of
printing.
These
small
Bibles
were
produced
almost
as
plentifully
in
England
as
in
France,
and
in
an
identical
style,
which
continued
well
into
the
14th
century.
16.
After
the
Parisian
revision
of
the
13th
cent.
no
important
modification
of
the
text
or
status
of
the
VULGATE
Latin
Bible
took
place
until
the
invention
of
printing
two
centuries
later.
The
first
book
to
be
printed
in
Europe
was
the
Latin
Bible,
published
in
1456
by
Guten-berg
and
Fust
(now
popularly
known
as
the
Mazarin
Bible,
from
the
circumstance
that
the
first
copy
of
it
to
attract
notice
in
modern
times
was
that
in
the
library
of
Cardinal
Mazarin).
In
type
this
Bible
resembles
the
contemporary
large
German
Bible
MSS;
in
text
it
is
the
ordinary
Vulgate
of
the
15th
century.
During
the
next
century
Bibles
poured
from
the
press,
but
with
little
or
no
attempt
at
revision
of
the
text.
Some
MSS
were
consulted
in
the
preparation
of
the
Complu-tensian
Polyglot;
but
the
only
editions
before
the
middle
of
the
16th
cent,
which
deserve
the
name
of
critical
are
those
of
Stephanus
in
1540
and
Hentenius
in
1547,
which
laid
the
foundations
of
the
modern
printed
Vulgate.
It
is,
however,
to
the
action
of
the
Council
of
Trent
that
the
genesis
of
an
authorized
text
is
ultimately
due.
Soon
after
its
meeting,
in
1546,
a
decree
was
passed
declaring
that
the
'vetus
et
vulgata
editio'
of
the
Scriptures
was
to
be
accepted
as
authentic,
and
that
It
should
be
printed
in
the
most
accurate
form
possible.
It
was
forty
years,
however,
before
this
decree
bore
fruit.
Sixtus
V.,
in
his
short
pontificate
of
five
years
(1585-90),
not
only
caused
the
production
of
an
edition
of
the
Greek
OT
(1587),
butin
1590
issued
a
Latin
Bible
which
he
declared
was
to
be
accepted
as
the
authentic
edition
demanded
by
the
Council
of
Trent.
This
edition
was
the
work
of
a
board
of
revisers
appointed
for
the
purpose,
but
Sixtus
himself
examined
their
results
before
they
were
published,
and
introduced
a
large
number
of
alterations
(rarely
for
the
better)
on
his
own
authority.
The
Sixtine
edition,
however,
had
hardly
been
issued
when
it
was
recalled
in
1592
by
Clement
Vm.,
at
the
instance,
it
is
believed,
of
the
Jesuits,
with
whom
Sixtus
had
quarrelled;
and
in
the
same
year
a
new
edition
was
issued
under
the
authority
of
Clement,
with
a
preface
by
the
famous
Jesuit
Bellar-min,
in
which
(to
avoid
the
appearance
of
a
conflict
between
Popes)
the
suppression
of
the
Sixtine
edition
is
falsely
stated
to
be
due
to
the
abundance
in
it
of
printers'
errors,
and
to
have
been
contemplated
by
Sixtus
himself.
The
Clementine
revisers
in
many
instances
restored
the
readings
of
Sixtus'
board,
which
Sixtus
himself
had
altered;
and
the
general
result
of
their
labours
was
to
produce
a
text
resembling
that
of
Hentenius,
while
the
Sixtine
edition
was
nearer
to
that
of
Stephanus.
The
bull
in
which
the
Clementine
edition
was
promulgated
forbade
any
future
alteration
of
the
text
and
any
printing
of
various
readings
in
the
margin,
and
thereby
stereotyped
the
offlcial
text
of
the
Vulgate
from
that
day
until
this.
it.
Clement's
bull
practically
closed
the
textual
criticism
of
the
Vulgate
in
the
Roman
Church,
though
Valiarsi
was
able
to
print
a
new
text
in
his
edition
of
the
works
of
St.
Jerome
in
1734,
and
Vercellone
published
a
collection
of
various
readings
in
1860-64.
The
course
of
criticism
outside
the
Roman
communion
can
be
briefly
sketched.
Bentley,
with
the
help
of
his
assistants,
made
large
collections
for
an
edition
of
the
Vulgate,
but
was
unable
to
carry
through
his
task.
Lachmann,
in
the
second
edition
of
his
Greek
NT
(1842-50),
added
a
text
of
the
Vulgate,
based
on
a
collation
of
the
Cod.
Amiatinus
and
a
few
other
selected
MSS.
Corssen
in
1885
printed
a
revised
text
of
Gal.
as
a
sample
of
a
new
NT,
but
has
carried
his
enterprise
no
further,
being
perhaps
deterred
by
the
appearance
of
the
great
Oxford
edition
now
in
progress.
This
edition,
planned
by
Bishop
J.
Wordsworth
of
Salisbury,
and
carried
out
by
him
with
the
assistance
of
the
Rev.
H.
J.
White
and
others,
gives
a
revised
text
of
the
Vulgate
with
a
full
critical
apparatus
and
introductions.
The
four
Gospels
and
Acts
have
now
appeared
(1889-1905);
it
is
to
be
hoped
that
nothing
will
prevent
the
completion
of
the
entire
work,
which
will
establish
the
criticism
of
at
least
the
Vulg.
NT
on
a
firm
foundation.
A
very
handy
