ZEALOT ZEALOT. — See Canan^an, Messiah (p. 610» f.),

IPTT A "RT ^F 'P^

ZEBADIAH.— 1. 2. Two Benjamites (1 Ch S"- ").

3. One of those who joined David at Ziklag (1 Ch 12').

4. One of David's officers U Ch 27'). 5. An exile who returned with Ezra's second caravan (Ezr 8»); called In 1 Es 83* Zarias. 6. A priest who had married a foreign wife (Ezr lO^"); called in 1 Es 92' Zabdeus. 7. A Korahite (1 Ch 26^). 8. Oneof the Levites sent by Jehoshaphat to teach in the cities of Judah (2 Ch IT*). 9. An officer of king Jehoshaphat (2 Ch 19").

ZEBAH ('victim'). — A Midianite king, mentioned together with Zalmunna, who was killed by Gideon as the result of blood-revenge (Jg S^'-'^); both kings had, however, been previously overcome in battle by Gideon, who championed the Israelites against their Midianite oppressors. This victory must have been of vital and far-reaching consequence to the Israelites, for it is more than once commemorated long after as a landmark in the nation's history (Is 9« 102=, ps gS"). The death of Zebah and Zalmunna is very graphically described. Gideon commands Jether, his eldest son, to slay them, but being only a youth he is afraid; so the kings ask Gideon himself to kill them; he does so, and takes the crescents from the necks of their camels. This last action may conceivably imply a kindly remembrance of the kings on the part of Gideon, for from 8" it would seem that it was only reluctantly, and from a sense of duty, that he slew them. W. O. E. Oesterley.

ZEBEDEE. — Father of James and John, husband of Salome; a comparatively rich fisherman, for he had 'hired servants' (see e.g. Mk l^" 1S'»; cf. Mt 27»).

A. J. Maclean.

ZEBIDAH (Kethlbh and RV) or ZEBUDAH (.Keri and AV).— The mother of Jehoiakim (2 K 23»).

ZEBINA. — One of the sons of Nebo who had married a foreign wife (Ezr 10").

ZEBOIIM.— One of the five cities of the Plain (Gn 10", 142- 8, Dt 29» W, Hos 118 [AV and RV here Zeboim]). The site has not been identified. See, further, Plaik [Cities op the].

ZEBOIM. — 1. 'The ravine of ZebO'im' ('ravine of the hyaenas') is named in 1 S 13'' in describing the route followed by one of the bands of Philistine ma-rauders. It is prob. the WSdy el-Kelt or one of its branches. The name WMy abu Daba ('hyaena gorge') is still applied to a ravine in this neighbourhood. The same locality appears to be referred to in the Zeboim of Neh 11". 2. Hos 11'. See Zeboiim.

ZEBTTDAH. — See Zebidah.

ZEBUL. — A lieutenant of Abimelech (wh. see), who was left by him as governor of Shechem. He cleverly assisted his master in suppressing the revolt of Gaal (Jg 92»-«). The episode is obscure, but he apparently acted loyally from the first; having no force at his com-mand, he was obliged to use craft. This is clear, if vv.«*-belong to a different narrative. C. W. Emmet.

ZEBTJLUN. — According to OT tradition, Zebulun was the tenth son of Jacob, and the sixth of Leah (Gn 30™ E).

The original form of the name is uncertain, there being some evidence in favour of Zebulon, and even Zebul. The meaning of the name is likewise doubtful. Gn 30^" presents a double explanation. One of these (apparently E'a) connects it with the verb zabad 'to endow'; the other (J's) derives it from zdbal ' to dwell,' — because Leah said, 'Now will my husband dwell with me' (so AV and RV following the Vulg. habitabit). The Assyr. meaning of zdbalu, however, 'carry,' 'exalt,' affords a more suitable rendering for this isolated use of the Hebrew verb, for the remarlt, 'Now will my husband dwell with me,' appears rather gratuitous and pointless after she had borne him six sons. The phrase beth zebul, 1 K 8'^, moreover, implies a connotation of zbl different from that of ' dwell, for the context immediately defines its purpose as a ' place for thee to dwell in.' Zehm is here used of the dwelling of God, elsewhere of the sun and moon, and, therefore, probably

ZEBULUN

designated ori^nally, in harmony with the Assyrian, a lofty abode, a beth-har, or mountain sanctuary, such as is referred to in Dt 33"> as being in the territory of Zebulun and lasachar. It so, the name Zebulun, while etymologically related to zbl, is rather of geographical import m its historic application to the tribe.

According to Gn 46", Zebulun is the progenitor of three tribal families through his three sons Sered, Elon, and Jahleel, who went down into Egypt with the other sons and grandsons of Jacob. The first and last of these names are notably like the town names Sarid and Nahalal, which were allotted to Zebulun according to Jos 19""-. There is no name corresponding to Elon in this passage, but the names of seven of the twelve cities spoken of have been lost.

At the time of the Sinai census the male Zebulunites from 20 years old and upwards numbered 57,400, and their lot on the march was cast on the east of the Taber-nacle, with Judah and Issachar (Nu is"- P). All of these, as in the case of the men of the other tribes, died before the next census in the plains of Moab, where, nevertheless, the total reached 60,500 (Nu 26"- " P).

The boundary line marked off by lot in Jos ig'"-" gives only the southern and eastern borders, and is difficult to follow. Starting on the south with Sarid (.Tell Shadudl), about five miles S.W. of Nazareth, it reached Jokneam, eight miles due W., on the farther side of the plain of Esdraelon. It extended about the same distance eastwards, reaching, at the west of Mt. Tabor, Daberath (which, however, in 21*' fell to Issachar), and then, if the text and identifications are correct, which is improbable, turned sharply west again to Japhia. Thence it continued in a north-easterly direction, passing Gath-hepher and Rimmon, and across the plain until it reached Hannathon, known to Baby-lonians, c. B.C. 1400, as Hinnaiuni, which at that time was held by Amen-hotep. The remaining statement, ' and the goings out thereof were at the valley of Iph-tael,' would indicate that the line turned at Hannathon in a south-westerly direction, perhaps towards Jefai, There would thus be no distinctly northern border, but only a north-western. The western is left undefined; but as Asher is made to reach to Carmel, and its S.E. point to join Zebulun at the valley of Iphtah-el (vv.^o- "), there is no room left for the access of Zebulun to the sea. Jacob's Song, however, uses the same expression (Gn 49") as is used of Asher in Jg 5", and apparently extends the border to Sidon. In the 'Blessing of Moses' it is said that ' Zebulun and Issachar shall suck the abundance of the seas' (Dt 33"). This, as is clear from the in-clusion of Issachar, implies only that their position will be such as to enable them to obtain the mercantile and other advantages of the sea traffic. The delimitations of the tribal boundaries in Joshua are very indefinite, and often in conflict with one another and with other data. Of the five cities mentioned in 19'5 Bethlehem is the only one whose site is identified with certainty. The modem Ma'lul may represent Nahalal, one of the four cities which, according to Jos 21'"- (P), was given by the Zebulunites to the sons of Merari (Levites). Roughly speaking, Zebulun lay to the N.E. of Carmel, between Issachar on the S.E. and Asher on the N.W.

Zebulun shared in the natural richness and fertility of the rest of Galilee, and the great 'way of the sea' (the via maris of the Crusaders) which ran through its territory, and from Acco to Damascus, brought it into touch with the outer world and its products.

In the war against Jabin 10,000 men of Zebulun and Naphtali went with Barak against Sisera, and in the battle, whose issues were of decisive importance to the tribes of Israel, they immortalized themselves by their bravery (Jg 4"'). They, like the other tribes, failed, however, to drive out the Canaanites from some of their city strongholds. One of the minor 'judges' came from this tribe, viz. Elon, who headed the tribes in the anarchic and troublous time preceding the kingdom (Jg 12"). In later history, Zebulun, like the

984