BAR-JONAH

them.' In St. Paul's judgment on this false prophet (v.' °) there is a play upon words: Elymas was full of deceit and not of wisdom; Bar-jesus, i.e. 'son of Jesus.' had become a 'son of the devil.' This is Pauline (cf. Ph 3^).

J. G. Taseeb.

BAR-JONAH.— See Bab, and John (No. 6).

BABKOS. — Ancestor of certain Nethinim who returned with Zerubbabel (Ezr 2", Neh 7"; called Barchus in 1 Es 5^).

BARLEY (se'Sraft). — As in ancient times, so to-day barley (Arab, sha' ir) is the most plentiful cereal of Pales- tine. It is the chief food of horses (1 K 42'), mules, and donkeys, oats being practically unknown. It is still used by the poor for making bread (Jg 7", Jn &'■ " etc.) in the villages, but not in the cities. Barley was the special ritual offering for jealousy (Nu 5"). The barley harvest (Ru 1*2) precedes that of wheat: it begins around Jericho as early as March, and in Jerusalem and the neighbourhood at the end of May.

E. W. G. Masterman.

BARN. — See AOBicnLTUHE, 3, and Gaeneb.

BARNABAS. — A surname given by the Apostles to Joseph, the Levite, whose first recorded deed (Ac 4'') was the selling of his property and the devotion of its proceeds to the needs of the Christian community. In this generous act St. Luke sees a proof that Barnabas is, in accordance with the popular etymology of his name, 'a son of comfort.' His kindly introduction of Saul to the Christians at Jerusalem disarmed their fears (9^'); his broad sympathies made him quick to recognize the work of grace amongst the Greeks at Antioch (11^'), and to discern the fitness of his gifted friend for that important sphere of service (v.^s'). After a year's fellowship in work at Antioch, Barnabas and Saul were appointed to convey 'the relief sent thence to the brethren in Judaea (v.^"). From Jerusalem they brought back, as a helper, John Mark, the cousin of Barnabas (1212. a. cf. Col 410).

The church at Antioch solemnly dedicated Barnabas and Saul to missionary service (13"); with John Mark the two friends sailed for Cyprus, and from this point, with three exceptions, their names occur in the order 'Paul and Barnabas.'

Hamack iPRE^ ii. 411) explains these three passages thus: 14" is accounted for by \.^\ and IS^^- 26 by the closer association of Barnabas with the Jerusalem church.

At Lystra (14i2), as doubtless at other places, Paul was the chief speaker; he was also the more prominent figure at the Jerusalem conference (15^'-, Gal 2'-. See Paul). Between Paul and Barnabas 'there arose a sharp contention' concerning John Mark (15^" ), and they agreed to work apart; Gal 2" also records Paul's adverse judgment of Barnabas' attitude in regard to the circumcision controversy. But the interesting reference to Barnabas in 1 Co 9' affords welcome proof of St. Paul's familiarity with the work of his friend. AH that is definitely known of Barnabas after he bade Paul farewell is that with his cousin Mark he 'sailed away unto Cyprus' (Ac 15"). For the spurious Epistle attributed to Barnabas, see Canon of NT, § 2.

J. G. Tabker.

BAR0DI8.— A name occurring in 1 Es 5" (om. in Ezr. and Neh.).

BARREL, 1 K 17'2- "• " 18".— The large earthen-ware jar (so Amer. RV) used for fetching water from the well, storing grain, etc., elsewhere rendered pitcher. See House, 9.

BARRENNESS.— See Child.

BARSABBAS.— See Joseph (in NT), 6. and Judas (in NT), 6.

BARTACUS.— Father of Apame (1 Es 42>).

BARTHOLOMEW.— One of the Twelve, mentioned only in the lists of the Apostles (Mt 10»= Mk 3'8=Lk 6"). Jerome says that he wrote a Gospel, preached to the

BASEMATH

Indians, and died at Albanopolis in Armenia. Bar-tholomew is really not a name, but a patronymic — Bar raimai='sonof Talmai' (cf. 2S13"). See Nathanael.

David Smith.

BARTIBMiirS (Mk 10").— A blind man whom Jesus, on His way to the last Passover, healed at the gate of Jericho — as He was leaving the city, according to Mt. (20") and Mk. (10<»), who condense the story of what befell at Jericho; as He approached, according to Lk. (la's), whose fuller narrative preserves the proper order of events. Bartimaeus is not a name but a patronymic (cf. Bartholomew), and St. Mark, for the benefit of his Gentile readers, gives the interpretation of it, 'the son of Timseus.' David Smith.

BARUCH ('blessed').— 1. Son of Neriah, the son of Mahseiah and brother of Seraiah (Jer 51") ; known from Jer 36. 45. 32i2-i« 43'- «; by Jeremiah's side in the con-flict with Jehoiakim (b.c. 604), again during the last siege of Jerusalem (587-6), and again amongst the Judseans left behind after the Second Captivity. 'Baruch' the scribe, named in Jer 36^6 along with 'Jeremiah the prophet,' is already the recognized attendant and amanuensis of the latter; he seems to have rendered the prophet over twenty years of devoted service. He belonged to the order of 'princes,' among whom Jere-miah had influential friends (26" 362S); Baruch's rank probably secured for Jeremiah's objectionable 'roll' (ch. 36) the hearing that was refused to his spoken words. When he cast in his lot with Jeremiah, Baruch made a heavy sacrifice; he might have 'sought great things' for himself, and is warned against his natural ambition (45'-5). The promise that Baruch's 'life shall be given' him 'for a prey' wherever he goes, placed where it is (45'), suggests that he survived his master, to act as his literary executor. The Book of Jeremiah (see art.) owes much to this loyal secretary, though the final arrangement of the materials is far from satisfactory. Tradition adds nothing of any certainty to the references of Scripture; see, however, Jos. Ant. X. ix. 1, 7. For the Apocryphal writings attached to his name, see Apochypha and Apocalyptic Litebatube. 2. One of the wall-builders (Neh S"). 3. A signatory to the covenant (10«). 4. A Judahite (ll").

G. G. FiNDLAY.

BARZILLAI. — 1 . The name of a chieftain of Gilead who brought supplies to David and his army at Maha- naim (2 S 172™). After the death of Absalom, Barzillai went across Jordan with the king, but declined to go to court (19""). On his deathbed David charged Solomon to ' shew kindness to the sons of Barzillai' (1 K 2'). His descendants are mentioned in Ezr 2", Neh 7^'. 2. The Meholathite whose son Adriel is said (2 S 21') to have married Michal [read Merab, cf. I S 18"1, the daughter of Saul. J. G; Taskeb.

BASALOTH.— 1 Es 53i=Bazluth of Ezr 2« or Baz-lith of Neh 7".

BASGAUA. — An unknown town of Gilead (1 Mac 13«).

BASE. — To be base is in mod. English to be morally bad, but in AV it is no more than to be of humble birth or lowly position. In the RV, however, the word is sometimes used in the sense of morally low, mean, as Dt 13".

BASEMATH.— 1. One of the wives of Esau. In Gn 26" (P) she is called the daughter of Elon the Hittite, while in Gn 36* (prob. R) she is said to have beenlshmael's daughter, and sister of Nebaioth. But in Gn 28' (P) Esau is said to have taken Mahalath, the daughter of Ishmael, the sister of Nebaioth, to be his wife; and in Gn 36^ the first mentioned of Esau's wives is Adah, the daughter of Elon the Hittite. There is manifestly a confusion of names in the text, which cannot be satis-factorily explained. 2. A daughter of Solomon, who became the wife of Ahimaaz, one of the king's officers (1 K 4'5).

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