BIBLE
Solomon,
Ruth,
Lamentations,
Ecclesiastes,
Esther,
Daniel,
Ezra,
and
Chronicles).
Thus
there
were
reckoned
to
be
in
all
24
books.
Josephus
reckoned
22
—
probably
joining
Judges
to
Ruth
and
Lamenta-tions
to
Jeremiah.
The
list
was
reduced
to
this
number
by
taking
Samuel,
Kings,
Ezra
and
Nehemiah,
and
Chronicles
as
one
book
each,
and
by
making
one
book
of
the
Minor
Prophets.
Ezra
is
not
divided
from
Nehemiah
in
the
Talmud
or
the
Massora.
The
books
now
known
as
the
Apocrypha
were
not
in
the
Hebrew
Bible,
and
were
not
used
in
the
Palestinian
synagogues.
They
were
found
in
the
LXX,
which
represents
the
enlarged
Greek
Canon
of
Alexandria.
From
this
they
passed
into
the
Latin
versions,
and
so
into
Jerome's
revision,
the
Vulgate,
which
in
time
became
the
authorized
Bible
of
the
Roman
Catholic
Church.
They
were
not
accepted
by
the
Protestants
as
Divinely
inspired,[but
were
printed
in
some
Protestant
Bibles
between
the
OT
and
the
NT,
not
in
their
old
places
in
the
Septuagint
and
Vulgate
versions,
where
they
were
interspersed
with
the
OT
books
as
though
forming
part
of
the
OT
itself.
The
Apocrypha
consists
of
14
books
(1
and
2
Esdras,
Tobit,
Judith,
The
Rest
of
Esther,
The
Wisdom
of
Solomon,
Sirach,
Baruch
with
the
Epistle
of
Jeremy,
The
Song
of
the
Three
Holy
Children,
The
History
of
Susanna,
Bel
and
the
Dragon,
The
Prayer
of
Manasses,
1
and
2
Maccabees).
The
NT
was
slowly
formed.
Probably
the
first
col-lection
of
any
of
its
books
was
the
bringing
together
of
the
Synoptic
Gospels
into
one
volume
(called
by
Justin
Martyr
'The
Memoirs
of
the
Apostles').
Subse-quently
the
Fourth
Gospel
was
included
in
this
volume;
Tatian's
Diatessaron
is
a
witness
to
this
fact.
Meanwhile
collections
of
St.
Paul's
Epistles
were
being
made,
and
thus
there
came
to
be
two]
volumes
known
as
'
The
Gospel'
and
'
The
Apostle.'
The
Apocalypse
was
early
honoured
as
a
prophetical
book
standing
by
itself.
Gradu-ally
the
other
NT
books
were
gathered
in
—
probably
forming
a
third
volume.
Thus
the
NT
—
like
the
OT
—
consisted
of
three
parts
—
the
Four
Gospels,
the
PauUne
Writings,
and
the
remaining
books.
The
similarity
may
be
traced
a
step
further.
In
both
cases
the
first
of
the
three
divisions
held
a
primacy
of
honour
—
the
Law
among
the
Jews,
the
Gospels
among
the
Christians.
The
complete
NT
consists
of
27
books,
viz.
Four
Gospels,
Acts,
13
Epistles
of
St.
Paul,
Hebrews,
James,
2
Epistles
of
St.
Peter,
3
of
St.
John,
Jude,
Revelation.
Within
the
books
of
the
Bible
there
were
originally
no
divisions,
except
in
the
case
of
the
Psalms,
which
were
always
indicated
as
separate
poems,
and
elsewhere
in
the
case
of
definite
statements
of
differences
of
contents,
such
as
the
Song
of
Miriam,
the
Song
of
Deborah,
'
the
words
of
Agur,'
and
'the
words
of
King
Lemuel'
(in
Prov.).
For
convenience
of
reading
in
the
syna-gogues,
the
Law
was
divided
into
sections
(called
Parashahs).
Selections
from
the
Prophets
(called
Haphtarahs)
were
made
to
go
with
the
appointed
sections
of
the
Law.
The
first
indications
of
divisions
in
the
NT
are
ascribed
to
Tatian.
They
did
not
break
into
the
text,
but
were
inserted
in
the
margins.
The
earliest
divisions
of
the
Gospels
were
known
as
'
titles
'
(
Titloi)
;
somewhat
similar
divisions
were
indicated
in
the
Epistles
by
'headings'
or
'chapters'
(Kephalaia),
a
form
of
which
with
more
numerous
divisions
than
the
'
titles'
was
also
introduced
into
the
Gospels.
Eusebius
based
his
harmony
on
the
references
of
the
sections
said
to
have
been
arranged
by
Ammonius
of
Alexandria
in
the
early
part
of
the
3rd
cent.,
and
therefore
known
as
the
'
Ammonian
Sections.'
'These
are
much
shorter
than
our
chapters.
Thus
in
Matthew
there
were
68
'titles'
and
355
'Ammonian
Sections';
in
Mark
the
numbers
were
48
and
236,
in
Luke
83
and
342,
and
in
John
18
and
232
respectively.
The
chapters
in
the
Acts
and
the
Epistles
are
ascribed
to
Euthalius,
a
deacon
of
Alexandria
(subsequently
bishop
of
Sulci,
in
Sardinia)
in
the
6th
century.
These
chapters
nearly
corresponded
BIBLE
In
length
to
the
Gospel
'
titles.'
Thus
there
were
40
in
Acts,
19
in
Romans,
etc.
A
still
smaller
division
of
the
books
of
Scripture
was
that
of
the
stichoi,
or
lines,
a
word
used
for
a
Une
of
poetry,
and
then
for
a
similar
length
of
prose,
marked
oft
for
the
payment
of
copyists.
Subsequently
"it
was
employed
for
the
piece
of
writing
which
a
reader
was
supposed
to
render
without
taking
breath,
and
the
marks
of
the
stichoi
would
be
helps
for
the
reader,
indicating
where
he
might
pause.
In
Matthew
there
were
2560
stichoi;
the
same
Gospel
has
1071
modern
verses.
Scrivener
calculates
19,241
stichoi
for
the
7959
modern
verses
of
the
whole
NT
—
giving
an
average
of
nearly
2i
stichoi
per
verse.
Cardinal
Hugo
de
Sancto
Caro
is
credited
with
having
made
our
present
chapter
divisions
about
a.d.
1248
when
preparing
a
Bible
index.
But
it
may
be
that
he
borrowed
these
divisions
from
an
earlier
scholar,
possibly
Lanfranc,
or
Stephen
Langton.
The
Hebrew
Bible
was
divided
into
verses
by
Rabbi
Nathan
in
the
15th
century.
Henry
Stephens
states
that
his
father
Robert
Stephens
made
verse
divisions
in
the
NT
during
the
intervals
of
a
journey
on
horseback
from
Paris
to
Lyons.
Whether
he
actually
invented
these
arrangements
or
copied
them
from
some
predecessor,
they
were
first
published
in
Stephens'
Greek
Testament
of
1551.
3.
Historical
Origin.
—
The
Bible
is
not
only
a
library,
the
books
of
which
come
from
various
writers
in
dif-ferent
periods
of
time;
many
of
these
books
may
be
said
to
be
composed
of
successive
literary
strata,
so
that
the
authors
of
the
most
ancient
parts
of
them
belong
to
much
earlier
times
than
their
final
redactors.
All
the
OT
writers,
and
also
all
those
of
the
NT
with
one
exception
(St.
Luke),
were
Jews.
The
OT
was
nearly
all
written
in
the
Holy
Land;
the
only
exceptions
being
in
the
case
of
books
composed
in
the
valley
of
the
Euphrates
during
the
Exile
(Ezekiel,
possibly
Lamentations,
Deutero-Isaiah,
or
part
of
it,
perhaps
some
of
the
Psalms,
a
revision
of
the
Law).
The
NT
books
were
written
in
many
places;
most
of
the
Epistles
of
St.
Paul
can
be
located;
the
Gospel
and
Epistles
of
St.
John
probably
come
from
Ephesus
or
its
neigh-bourhood;
but
the
sites
of
the
origin
of
all
the
other
books
are
doubtful.
Probably
the
oldest
book
of
the
Bible
is
Amos,
written
about
B.C.
750.
A
little
later
in
the
great
8th
cent,
we
come
to
Hosea,
Isaiah,
and
Micah.
The
7th
cent,
gives
us
Nahum,
Zephaniah,
Jeremiah,
and
Habakkuk
among
the
prophets,
also
Deuteronomy,
and
at
the
beginning
of
this
century
we
have
the
earliest
complete
historical
books,
Samuel
and
Judges.
The
end
of
this
century
or
beginning
of
the
6th
cent,
gives
us
Kings.
In
the
6th
cent,
also
we
have
Obadiah
(?),
Ezekiel,
part,
if
not
all,
of
the
Deutero-Isaiah
(40-50),
Haggai,
Zechariah
(1-8),
Lamentations,
Ruth.
The
Sth
cent,
gives
us
the
completed
Pentateuch
—
or
rather
the
Hexateuch,
Joshua
going
with
the
5
books
of
the
Law,
perhaps
the
latter
part
of
the
Deutero-Isaiah
(51-60),
Malachi,
Books
1
and
2
of
the
Psalter.
The
4th
cent,
has
Proverbs,
Job,
Book
3
of
the
Psalter,
and
the
Prophets
Joel
and
Jonah.
From
the
3rd
cent,
we
have
Chronicles,
Ezra
and
Nehemiah,
Zechariah
(9-14),
Ecclesiastes,
Esther.
Lastly,
the
2nd
cent,
is
credited
with
Daniel
and
Books
4
and
5
of
the
Psalter.
Several
of
these
later
dates
are
more
or
less
conjectural.
More-over,
they
refer
to
the
completion
of
works
some
of
which
are
composite
and
contain
elements
which
originated
in
much
earlier
times.
Thus
Proverbs
and
the
6
Books
of
the
Psalms
are
all
collections
which,
though
probably
made
at
the
dates
assigned
to
them,
consist
of
materials
many
of
which
are
considerably
older.
When
we
look
to
the
analysis
of
the
books,
and
inquire
as
to
the
dates
of
their
constituent
parts,
we
are
carried
back
to
pre-historic
ages.
The
Hexateuch
contains
four
principal
parts,
known
as
J
(the
Jahwistic
prophetic
narrative),
E
(the
Elohistic
prophetic
narra-tive),
D
(Deuteronomy
and
Deuteronomic
notes
in
